{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225613519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","title":"Variability in the Nutritional Adequacy of Primary School Meals in Zagreb: The Role of School Environmental Factors","display_name":"Variability in the Nutritional Adequacy of Primary School Meals in Zagreb: The Role of School Environmental Factors","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225613519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18213709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102766593","display_name":"Ana Ili\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-7333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-7333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Ili\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073477972","display_name":"Ivana Rumbak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6419-0427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6419-0427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Rumbak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6419-0427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030143959","display_name":"Ru\u017eica Bre\u010di\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-2187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-2187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258963","display_name":"Ekonomski fakultet - Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0wme11","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I4405258963"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru\u017eica Bre\u010di\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Trg J. F. Kennedy 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-2187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Trg J. F. Kennedy 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I4405258963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018262961","display_name":"Martina Bituh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-8383","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-8383"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Bituh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-8383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nutrition, Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073477972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"3709","last_page":"3709"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12873","display_name":"Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior","score":0.4325999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12873","display_name":"Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior","score":0.4325999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.24390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12831","display_name":"School Health and Nursing Education","score":0.13169999420642853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-meals","display_name":"school meals","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutritional-adequacy","display_name":"nutritional adequacy","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-school","display_name":"elementary school","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-content","display_name":"energy content","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macronutrient-composition","display_name":"macronutrient composition","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-food-environment","display_name":"school food environment","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-poverty","display_name":"neighborhood poverty","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-gardens","display_name":"school gardens","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menu-planning","display_name":"meal planning","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-nutrition-programs","display_name":"school nutrition programs","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zagreb","display_name":"Zagreb","score":0.7850000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.669700026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776005156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195832","display_name":"School meal","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991980166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41958","display_name":"Food service","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020065929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379","display_name":"Total energy","level":3,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983502797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828402","display_name":"Energy density","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776890026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7070501","display_name":"Nutrition Education","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37281782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412867","display_name":"Dietary Reference Intake","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10050518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085","display_name":"Primary education","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780662849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48768339","display_name":"Food frequency questionnaire","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020395413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7455897","display_name":"Portion size","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18213709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/nu18213709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18213709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110785341","display_name":"Nutrients","issn_l":"2072-6643","issn":["2072-6643"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nutrients","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322674","display_name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","ror":"https://ror.org/03n51vw80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1833179607","https://openalex.org/W1896096910","https://openalex.org/W2000530980","https://openalex.org/W2015463753","https://openalex.org/W2026230135","https://openalex.org/W2050064906","https://openalex.org/W2082089307","https://openalex.org/W2107876675","https://openalex.org/W2157041099","https://openalex.org/W2603884093","https://openalex.org/W2783680796","https://openalex.org/W2793826432","https://openalex.org/W2795250580","https://openalex.org/W2795357818","https://openalex.org/W2807042617","https://openalex.org/W2884649860","https://openalex.org/W2886809222","https://openalex.org/W2887211198","https://openalex.org/W2924954551","https://openalex.org/W2954786675","https://openalex.org/W3016027866","https://openalex.org/W3017159037","https://openalex.org/W3048246669","https://openalex.org/W3097630682","https://openalex.org/W3105751576","https://openalex.org/W3126256928","https://openalex.org/W3126820767","https://openalex.org/W3132129924","https://openalex.org/W3135044031","https://openalex.org/W3156275490","https://openalex.org/W3205376016","https://openalex.org/W3215011437","https://openalex.org/W4212908720","https://openalex.org/W4283368632","https://openalex.org/W4283522716","https://openalex.org/W4291021588","https://openalex.org/W4293049157","https://openalex.org/W4310047274","https://openalex.org/W4312196230","https://openalex.org/W4321351967","https://openalex.org/W4382982424","https://openalex.org/W4388870081","https://openalex.org/W4417505586","https://openalex.org/W7138976791","https://openalex.org/W7140300251","https://openalex.org/W7154585665","https://openalex.org/W7162660526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039713342","https://openalex.org/W75650419","https://openalex.org/W2997436145","https://openalex.org/W7135448253","https://openalex.org/W3167546802","https://openalex.org/W2068816411","https://openalex.org/W4224268860","https://openalex.org/W790335471","https://openalex.org/W7135524863","https://openalex.org/W6959846022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Although":[1],"investments":[2],"are":[3],"being":[4],"made":[5],"in":[6,35,69,80,84,190,246,256,264],"school":[7,33,53,94,127,135,236,251,265],"meals":[8,34,136,218,252],"worldwide,":[9],"their":[10],"quality":[11],"remains":[12],"problematic":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,27,39,147],"financial,":[16],"knowledge-related,":[17],"or":[18],"logistical":[19],"factors.":[20],"The":[21,76,129,151,242],"aim":[22],"of":[23,32,60,87,98,134,162,170,174,178,184,216,225,250],"this":[24],"study":[25,77],"was":[26,78,137],"examine":[28],"the":[29,42,85,90,164,209,214,247],"nutritional":[30,248],"adequacy":[31,44,249],"Zagreb":[36,88,257],"(Croatia)":[37],"and":[38,55,67,73,92,108,112,126,131,144,153,167,188,194,201,228,258,269],"determine":[40],"whether":[41],"energy":[43,130,152,166,187,193],"differs":[45],"depending":[46],"on":[47,114],"selected":[48],"environmental":[49,115,211],"factors":[50,116,212],"such":[51],"as":[52,233,235],"location":[54],"neighborhood":[56,229],"poverty":[57,230],"rate,":[58],"type":[59],"meal":[61],"service":[62],"system,":[63],"staffing,":[64],"menu":[65],"planning,":[66],"participation":[68],"school-based":[70],"nutrition":[71],"initiatives":[72],"programs.":[74],"Methods:":[75],"conducted":[79],"14":[81],"primary":[82,254],"schools":[83,179,255],"city":[86],"during":[89],"2016/2017":[91],"2017/2018":[93],"years.":[95],"A":[96],"total":[97],"2469":[99],"daily":[100],"menus":[101],"were":[102,117],"collected":[103],"(2379":[104],"breakfasts,":[105,198],"2376":[106],"lunches,":[107,200,232],"2103":[109],"snacks).":[110],"Menus":[111],"information":[113],"obtained":[118],"through":[119],"on-site":[120],"audits,":[121],"direct":[122],"dialogs":[123],"with":[124],"staff,":[125],"curricula.":[128],"macronutrient":[132,154,168,195],"content":[133,155,169],"analyzed":[138],"using":[139],"Prehrana":[140],"software":[141],"version":[142],"1.0":[143],"evaluated":[145],"according":[146],"national":[148],"guidelines.":[149],"Results:":[150],"varied":[156],"greatly":[157],"among":[158],"schools.":[159],"In":[160],"75%":[161],"schools,":[163],"average":[165],"breakfasts":[171],"exceeded":[172],"110%":[173],"recommendations,":[175],"while":[176],"70%":[177],"averaged":[180],"less":[181],"than":[182],"90%":[183],"recommendations":[185],"for":[186,231,239],"macronutrients":[189],"lunches.":[191],"Considering":[192],"content,":[196],"three":[197],"38":[199],"one":[202],"snack":[203],"met":[204],"all":[205],"four":[206],"recommendations.":[207],"Among":[208],"school-level":[210],"observed,":[213],"proportion":[215],"energy-adequate":[217],"differed":[219],"significantly":[220],"by":[221],"kitchen":[222],"type,":[223],"number":[224],"on-site-prepared":[226],"meals,":[227],"well":[234],"garden":[237],"presence":[238],"breakfasts.":[240],"Conclusions:":[241],"findings":[243],"reveal":[244],"differences":[245],"across":[253],"may":[259],"help":[260],"guide":[261],"future":[262],"improvements":[263],"food":[266],"system":[267],"guidelines":[268],"practices.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
