{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225612969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","title":"A natural field experiment on the effectiveness of economic sanctions before and after the Russian invasion of Ukraine","display_name":"A natural field experiment on the effectiveness of economic sanctions before and after the Russian invasion of Ukraine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225612969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02591-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764866340","display_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","issn_l":"2397-3374","issn":["2397-3374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02591-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020264172","display_name":"Michael G. Findley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-1828","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-1828"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael G. Findley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091611715","display_name":"Daniel Nielson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0279-0494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0279-0494"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel L. Nielson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. dan.nielson@utexas.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0279-0494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. dan.nielson@utexas.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113603494","display_name":"J. C. Sharman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7727-1496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7727-1496"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. C. Sharman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jcs207@cam.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jcs207@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091611715","https://openalex.org/A5113603494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-sanctions","display_name":"economic sanctions","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russia-ukraine-war","display_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shell-companies","display_name":"shell companies","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-banking","display_name":"corporate banking","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-exclusion","display_name":"financial exclusion","score":0.578000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.9291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49630185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980675","display_name":"Natural experiment","level":2,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779084495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1248258","display_name":"Economic sanctions","level":3,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33880087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275276","display_name":"Difference in differences","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139043278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837171","display_name":"Financial services","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02591-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764866340","display_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","issn_l":"2397-3374","issn":["2397-3374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43003930","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature human behaviour","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02591-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02591-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764866340","display_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","issn_l":"2397-3374","issn":["2397-3374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Human Behaviour","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309309","display_name":"Brigham Young University","ror":"https://ror.org/047rhhm47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320285","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225612969.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225612969.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485244388","https://openalex.org/W1499305590","https://openalex.org/W1597706729","https://openalex.org/W1599849254","https://openalex.org/W1900256016","https://openalex.org/W1902525030","https://openalex.org/W1978329648","https://openalex.org/W2019566739","https://openalex.org/W2031718632","https://openalex.org/W2043234688","https://openalex.org/W2051009528","https://openalex.org/W2069764486","https://openalex.org/W2121720385","https://openalex.org/W2128787987","https://openalex.org/W2158659525","https://openalex.org/W2163587156","https://openalex.org/W2238366323","https://openalex.org/W2327771290","https://openalex.org/W2440932894","https://openalex.org/W2574596917","https://openalex.org/W2609330903","https://openalex.org/W2891028190","https://openalex.org/W2947770046","https://openalex.org/W2950492128","https://openalex.org/W3012809106","https://openalex.org/W3023894730","https://openalex.org/W3119173594","https://openalex.org/W3123707900","https://openalex.org/W3180763286","https://openalex.org/W3215181653","https://openalex.org/W4213246028","https://openalex.org/W4224263702","https://openalex.org/W4229369015","https://openalex.org/W4242386074","https://openalex.org/W4281394987","https://openalex.org/W4292486704","https://openalex.org/W4297497416","https://openalex.org/W4319296487","https://openalex.org/W4322738441","https://openalex.org/W4379055214","https://openalex.org/W4393317711","https://openalex.org/W7163986650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111440084","https://openalex.org/W4391003897","https://openalex.org/W7112167752","https://openalex.org/W4388742636","https://openalex.org/W4311701426","https://openalex.org/W4406602318","https://openalex.org/W4226110030","https://openalex.org/W6991713242","https://openalex.org/W3186195582","https://openalex.org/W4226216729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Here,":[0],"using":[1],"two":[2],"rounds":[3],"of":[4,97],"natural":[5],"field":[6],"experiments":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9],"an":[10],"audit-study":[11],"approach,":[12],"we":[13],"investigated":[14],"whether":[15],"sanctioned":[16,52,82,101,149],"Russian":[17,95],"government":[18],"officials":[19],"retain":[20],"access":[21,79,103,151],"to":[22,32,40,51,104,138,152],"the":[23,81,94,139,153],"international":[24,105],"financial":[25,78,155],"system.":[26,156],"Researchers":[27],"sent":[28],"7,081":[29],"email":[30],"solicitations":[31,61],"intermediary":[33],"firms":[34],"in":[35,69,77,90,114,147],"202":[36],"countries":[37],"and":[38,44,108,141],"jurisdictions":[39],"establish":[41],"shell":[42],"companies":[43],"set":[45],"up":[46],"corporate":[47,106],"bank":[48],"accounts.":[49],"Responses":[50],"names":[53,83],"(middle":[54],"initial":[55],"modified)":[56],"are":[57],"compared":[58,84],"with":[59,85],"equivalent":[60],"from":[62],"non-sanctioned":[63],"placebo":[64],"names.":[65],"Round":[66,87],"1":[67],"results":[68,133],"December":[70],"2020":[71],"reveal":[72],"no":[73],"statistically":[74],"significant":[75],"difference":[76],"for":[80],"placebo.":[86],"2":[88],"findings":[89],"May":[91],"2022,":[92],"after":[93],"invasion":[96],"Ukraine,":[98],"indicate":[99],"that":[100,135],"individuals'":[102,150],"services":[107],"banking":[109],"was":[110],"significantly":[111],"reduced":[112],"(drop":[113],"non-compliant":[115],"response":[116],"rates:":[117],"4.0":[118],"percentage":[119],"points,":[120],"95%":[121],"confidence":[122],"interval":[123],"1.2-6.8,":[124],"P":[125],"=":[126,130],"0.006,":[127],"Cohen's":[128],"d":[129],"0.207).":[131],"The":[132],"suggest":[134],"factors":[136],"related":[137],"war":[140],"not":[142],"sanctions":[143],"law":[144],"proved":[145],"decisive":[146],"constricting":[148],"global":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
