{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225612403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","title":"Combustion Characteristics of Soil Beds Soaked with Aviation Kerosene","display_name":"Combustion Characteristics of Soil Beds Soaked with Aviation Kerosene","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225612403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161338373","display_name":"Hui Chu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104094683","display_name":"Xinsheng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0102-0598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0102-0598"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinsheng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0102-0598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161347320","display_name":"Keyu Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008036335","display_name":"Tang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-4296","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-4296","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6245-1723"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6245-1723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053062684","display_name":"Shijie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2193-2646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2193-2646","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9545-8929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168337820","display_name":"Chongqing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03n3v6d52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China","Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2193-2646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038122557","display_name":"R. M. J. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0149-7452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0149-7452"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Run Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0149-7452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Department, Joint Logistics Support Force University of Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053062684","https://openalex.org/A5104094683","https://openalex.org/A5161347320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"498","last_page":"498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13917","display_name":"Engineering and Material Science Research","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2500","display_name":"General Materials Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-kerosene","display_name":"aviation kerosene","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-contaminated-soil","display_name":"oil-contaminated soil","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-permeability","display_name":"soil permeability","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-pore-structure","display_name":"soil pore structure","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loess","display_name":"loess","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humic-soil","display_name":"humus soil","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lateritic-soil","display_name":"lateritic soil","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandy-soil","display_name":"sandy soil","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-ignition","display_name":"ignition time","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-release-rate","display_name":"heat release rate","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-production","display_name":"smoke production","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-retention","display_name":"fuel retention","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.6632000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52201283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172645","display_name":"Humus","level":3,"score":0.5220999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76904","display_name":"Kerosene","level":2,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33374538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2934364","display_name":"Cone calorimeter","level":4,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185515318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22723","display_name":"Loess","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158550234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910035","display_name":"Flammability","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65580899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil contamination","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152494472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386963","display_name":"Soil classification","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5413467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939996","display_name":"Volatilisation","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779985886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386534","display_name":"Liquid fuel","level":3,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64127748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558378","display_name":"Autoignition temperature","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4390000104904175,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086968664","https://openalex.org/W4283804154","https://openalex.org/W4288855477","https://openalex.org/W4289262144","https://openalex.org/W4296630630","https://openalex.org/W4313594112","https://openalex.org/W4360602224","https://openalex.org/W4379157733","https://openalex.org/W4385344991","https://openalex.org/W4385891670","https://openalex.org/W4406080688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4212834444","https://openalex.org/W4225275518","https://openalex.org/W2937192767","https://openalex.org/W2151159302","https://openalex.org/W3161787098","https://openalex.org/W2388349565","https://openalex.org/W2164843200","https://openalex.org/W2613265237","https://openalex.org/W1969062823","https://openalex.org/W2009951060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aviation":[0],"kerosene":[1,64,280],"leaked":[2],"during":[3],"airport":[4],"storage,":[5],"refueling,":[6],"and":[7,14,47,57,65,84,105,145,152,156,164,256,269,285,300,321],"ground-support":[8],"operations":[9],"can":[10],"infiltrate":[11],"soil":[12,17,36,49,100,147,183,258,287],"pores":[13],"form":[15],"oil-contaminated":[16],"systems":[18],"with":[19,52,109,122,211,229,248,266,275],"combustion":[20],"behavior":[21],"different":[22],"from":[23,92],"that":[24,172],"of":[25,35,60,76,139,190,205,236,278],"free":[26],"liquid":[27],"pool":[28],"fires.":[29],"To":[30],"clarify":[31],"the":[32,86,110,126,135,201,206,222,230,251,276,282,304,310],"regulating":[33],"effect":[34],"physical":[37],"properties":[38],"on":[39],"fire":[40,313],"hazards,":[41],"humus":[42,80,141,257,317],"soil,":[43,45,81,83,142,144,318,320],"lateritic":[44,82,143,319],"loess,":[46,85,140],"sandy":[48,99,146,182,322],"were":[50,148,160,292],"contaminated":[51],"10,":[53],"30,":[54],"50,":[55],"70,":[56],"90":[58,133,195],"g":[59],"No.":[61],"3":[62],"aviation":[63,279],"tested":[66],"using":[67],"a":[68,102,185],"cone":[69],"calorimeter":[70],"under":[71],"an":[72],"external":[73],"heat":[74,180,241,296],"flux":[75],"35":[77],"kW/m2.":[78],"For":[79],"time":[87,112],"to":[88,94,113,178],"ignition":[89,107,114],"generally":[90],"ranged":[91],"3.5":[93],"7.0":[95],"s.":[96,118],"In":[97,218],"contrast,":[98,219],"showed":[101,171,309],"distinctly":[103],"delayed":[104],"nonmonotonic":[106],"response,":[108],"longest":[111],"reaching":[115],"approximately":[116,191,226],"18":[117],"Heat":[119],"release":[120],"increased":[121],"fuel":[123,207,238,270],"loading,":[124],"but":[125,197],"response":[127],"varied":[128],"markedly":[129],"among":[130],"soils.":[131],"At":[132],"g,":[134,196],"peak":[136,188,224],"HRR":[137,199],"values":[138,159],"1021,":[149],"964,":[150],"806,":[151],"461":[153],"kW/m2,":[154],"respectively,":[155],"their":[157],"THR":[158],"380,":[161],"354,":[162],"356,":[163],"334":[165],"MJ/m2.":[166],"The":[167],"mass-loss":[168],"results":[169],"further":[170],"MLR":[173,189],"was":[174,209,245,273],"not":[175],"directly":[176],"equivalent":[177],"effective":[179],"release:":[181],"had":[184],"relatively":[186],"high":[187],"0.40":[192],"g/s":[193],"at":[194],"its":[198],"remained":[200],"lowest":[202],"because":[203],"part":[204],"loss":[208],"associated":[210,274],"downward":[212],"migration":[213],"or":[214],"inefficient":[215],"near-surface":[216,283],"flaming.":[217],"loess":[220,249,308],"combined":[221,253,312],"highest":[223,231,311],"MLR,":[225],"0.43":[227],"g/s,":[228],"HRR,":[232],"indicating":[233],"efficient":[234],"conversion":[235],"released":[237],"into":[239],"flaming":[240],"output.":[242],"Smoke":[243],"production":[244],"also":[246],"substrate-dependent,":[247],"showing":[250],"strongest":[252],"smoke":[254,261,301],"hazard":[255],"exhibiting":[259],"sustained":[260],"production.":[262],"Overall,":[263],"permeability,":[264],"together":[265],"pore":[267],"structure":[268],"retention":[271],"characteristics,":[272],"distribution":[277],"between":[281],"region":[284],"deeper":[286],"layers.":[288],"These":[289],"soil-dependent":[290],"differences":[291],"reflected":[293],"in":[294],"ignition,":[295],"release,":[297],"mass":[298],"loss,":[299],"generation.":[302],"Under":[303],"present":[305],"test":[306],"conditions,":[307],"hazard,":[314],"followed":[315],"by":[316],"soil.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}