{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225612030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","title":"Strengthening and Deformation Mechanisms in Refractory High-Entropy Alloys: From Dislocation Motion to Strength\u2013Ductility Synergy","display_name":"Strengthening and Deformation Mechanisms in Refractory High-Entropy Alloys: From Dislocation Motion to Strength\u2013Ductility Synergy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225612030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met16111229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161351418","display_name":"Hongbin Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767949","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05pbnw832","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100132","https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443551","display_name":"Ze Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4482-7515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4482-7515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767949","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05pbnw832","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100132","https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159362451","display_name":"Wen Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767949","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05pbnw832","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100132","https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090452703","display_name":"Nairan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767949","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05pbnw832","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100132","https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nairan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Special Materials of Rare Metals, Shizuishan 753000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090452703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767949"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1229","last_page":"1229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11143","display_name":"High Entropy Alloys Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11143","display_name":"High Entropy Alloys Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10204","display_name":"Microstructure and mechanical properties","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11100","display_name":"Intermetallics and Advanced Alloy Properties","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractory-high-entropy-alloys","display_name":"refractory high-entropy alloys","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dislocation-motion","display_name":"dislocation motion","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-solution-strengthening","display_name":"solid solution strengthening","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-short-range-order","display_name":"chemical short-range order","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-phase-strengthening","display_name":"second phase strengthening","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-boundary-strengthening","display_name":"grain boundary strengthening","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dislocation-glide","display_name":"dislocation slip","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation-twinning","display_name":"deformation twinning","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation-induced-plasticity","display_name":"transformation-induced plasticity","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-recovery","display_name":"dynamic recovery","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-recrystallization","display_name":"dynamic recrystallization","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strength-ductility-synergy","display_name":"strength-ductility synergy","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-hardening","display_name":"strain hardening","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-temperature-deformation","display_name":"high-temperature deformation","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159122135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737571","display_name":"Dislocation","level":2,"score":0.664900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142424586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307572","display_name":"Refractory (planetary science)","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849516","display_name":"Metastability","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205539056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251699","display_name":"Deformation mechanism","level":3,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195702682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623318","display_name":"Recrystallization (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993173162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107087877","display_name":"Crystal plasticity","level":3,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.39629998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169010117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319008","display_name":"Dynamic recrystallization","level":4,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776704300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501203","display_name":"Work hardening","level":3,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81764414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2805151","display_name":"Dislocation creep","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576145","display_name":"Strain (injury)","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79148161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456874","display_name":"Strengthening mechanisms of materials","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/met16111229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met16111229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met16111229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310690273","https://openalex.org/W2793666432","https://openalex.org/W4310993176","https://openalex.org/W4391616677","https://openalex.org/W4327732570","https://openalex.org/W4307931170","https://openalex.org/W4416765473","https://openalex.org/W7221552603","https://openalex.org/W4400422499","https://openalex.org/W4414800834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refractory":[0],"high-entropy":[1],"alloys":[2],"(RHEAs)":[3],"are":[4,67,89,118],"promising":[5],"candidates":[6],"for":[7,121],"ultrahigh-temperature":[8],"structural":[9],"applications":[10],"because":[11],"of":[12,50,71,97,137,147,160],"their":[13,72],"high":[14],"melting":[15],"temperatures":[16],"and":[17,38,47,64,86,106,114,130,145,171],"good":[18],"strength":[19],"retention":[20],"at":[21],"elevated":[22],"temperatures.":[23],"Their":[24],"mechanical":[25,135],"behavior,":[26],"however,":[27],"is":[28],"governed":[29],"by":[30],"the":[31,45,95,123,134,141,158],"competition":[32],"between":[33,125],"resistance":[34],"to":[35],"dislocation":[36,75,166],"motion":[37],"plastic":[39,127],"strain":[40,107,128],"accommodation.":[41],"This":[42],"review":[43],"examines":[44],"strengthening":[46,66],"deformation":[48,79,152],"mechanisms":[49],"RHEAs":[51,138],"from":[52],"a":[53],"dislocation-centered":[54],"perspective.":[55],"Solid-solution":[56],"strengthening,":[57,63],"chemical":[58,101,162],"short-range":[59],"order":[60,163],"(CSRO),":[61],"second-phase":[62],"grain-boundary":[65],"discussed":[68,120],"in":[69],"terms":[70],"effects":[73,159],"on":[74,94,140,164],"mobility.":[76],"Dislocation":[77],"slip,":[78],"twinning,":[80],"transformation-induced":[81],"plasticity":[82],"(TRIP),":[83],"dynamic":[84,87],"recovery,":[85],"recrystallization":[88],"then":[90],"reviewed,":[91],"with":[92,150],"emphasis":[93],"roles":[96],"crystal":[98],"structure,":[99],"local":[100,161],"environment,":[102],"phase":[103],"stability,":[104,144],"temperature,":[105],"rate.":[108],"Heterogeneous":[109],"structure":[110],"design,":[111],"metastability":[112],"engineering,":[113],"coherent":[115],"strain-field":[116],"regulation":[117],"further":[119],"improving":[122],"balance":[124],"strength,":[126],"accommodation,":[129],"work":[131],"hardening.":[132],"Overall,":[133],"response":[136],"depends":[139],"type,":[142],"distribution,":[143],"interaction":[146],"microstructural":[148,173],"features":[149],"available":[151],"pathways.":[153],"Key":[154],"challenges":[155],"include":[156],"clarifying":[157],"different":[165],"modes,":[167],"understanding":[168],"deformation-mechanism":[169],"transitions,":[170],"maintaining":[172],"stability":[174],"during":[175],"prolonged":[176],"high-temperature":[177],"exposure.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}