{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225610378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","title":"Gas-Discharge Display Cells as Bidirectional Optical Sensors: A Full-Factorial Analysis of Readout Architecture, Ambient Light, and Visibility Range","display_name":"Gas-Discharge Display Cells as Bidirectional Optical Sensors: A Full-Factorial Analysis of Readout Architecture, Ambient Light, and Visibility Range","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225610378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24078338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069924782","display_name":"Ahmed Hala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7749-2299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7749-2299"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hala, Ahmed M.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gaseous Electronics, LLC","Dr. Ahmed Hala & Associates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7749-2299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gaseous Electronics, LLC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Ahmed Hala & Associates","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069924782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.6104000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.6104000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.13259999454021454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.07590000331401825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-sensors","display_name":"optical sensors","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-light","display_name":"ambient light","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility-range","display_name":"visibility range","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lambertian-emission","display_name":"Lambertian emission","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crosstalk","display_name":"crosstalk","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-decomposition","display_name":"variance decomposition","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"pooling","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-time","display_name":"dead time","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bialkali-photocathode","display_name":"bialkali photocathode","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-factorial-design","display_name":"full factorial design","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6193000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13115443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891923","display_name":"Photocathode","level":3,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779845233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381567","display_name":"Photocurrent","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88033656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48171","display_name":"Geiger counter","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171107226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574291","display_name":"Backlight","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780478481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189460","display_name":"Large format","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161694136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910990","display_name":"Scintillator","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159484563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628723","display_name":"Dead time","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776848632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853463","display_name":"Clipping (morphology)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778858076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249539","display_name":"Decodes","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24078338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24078339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24078338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24078338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7169802202","https://openalex.org/W2996261441","https://openalex.org/W2048224751","https://openalex.org/W2999010763","https://openalex.org/W2109717342","https://openalex.org/W7037230529","https://openalex.org/W2342250462","https://openalex.org/W7033068635","https://openalex.org/W3023413930","https://openalex.org/W2073364591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gas-discharge":[0],"display":[1],"cells":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"proposed":[5],"as":[6,100,187],"bidirectional":[7],"pixels":[8],"that":[9,18,111,137],"both":[10],"emit":[11],"and":[12,25,50,58,64,83,95,115,152,203,232],"sense":[13],"light.":[14],"This":[15],"article":[16],"re-examines":[17],"proposal":[19],"with":[20,80,90,103,206],"a":[21,142,153,183,196,210],"corrected":[22],"physical":[23],"model":[24],"an":[26,188,220],"expanded":[27],"full-factorial":[28],"design":[29,36],"of":[30,128,168],"966.7":[31],"million":[32],"deterministic":[33],"runs.":[34],"The":[35,68],"spans":[37],"emitter":[38],"power,":[39],"phosphor":[40],"channel,":[41],"photocathode":[42],"quantum":[43],"efficiency,":[44],"photoelectron":[45],"extraction,":[46],"target":[47,113],"distance,":[48,112],"size":[49],"reflectance,":[51],"pixel":[52,81],"size,":[53],"ambient":[54,77],"irradiance,":[55],"internal":[56],"crosstalk,":[57],"two":[59],"readout":[60,132],"families:":[61],"analog":[62,120,189],"photocurrent":[63,190],"Geiger":[65,212],"mode":[66],"discharge.":[67],"optical":[69],"return":[70],"is":[71,87,98,133,145],"the":[72,119,129,162,192,225,234],"exact":[73],"Lambertian":[74],"disk":[75],"expression,":[76],"background":[78,148],"scales":[79],"area":[82],"spectrum,":[84],"synchronous":[85],"detection":[86,173],"not":[88],"credited":[89],"suppressing":[91],"white":[92],"shot":[93],"noise,":[94],"reconstruction":[96],"gain":[97],"represented":[99],"explicit":[101],"pooling":[102,202],"its":[104,157],"resolution":[105],"cost.":[106],"A":[107],"variance":[108],"decomposition":[109],"shows":[110],"area,":[114],"integration":[116],"time":[117],"dominate":[118],"response,":[121],"while":[122,209],"emitted":[123],"power":[124,179],"explains":[125],"under":[126],"5%":[127],"variance.":[130],"Geiger-mode":[131],"bounded":[134],"by":[135,147,156],"ceilings":[136],"no":[138],"signal":[139],"can":[140],"lift:":[141],"gated":[143,211],"cell":[144,155,185,213],"limited":[146],"occupancy":[149],"per":[150],"gate,":[151],"DC-biased":[154],"dead":[158],"time,":[159],"which":[160],"at":[161,174,198,227],"measured":[163],"plasma":[164],"panel":[165],"sensor":[166],"recovery":[167],"about":[169],"500":[170],"\u03bcs":[171],"prevents":[172],"video":[175],"rate.":[176],"At":[177],"laptop":[178],"in":[180],"office":[181],"light,":[182],"bialkali-coated":[184],"read":[186],"on":[191],"blue":[193],"channel":[194],"detects":[195],"face":[197],"0.77":[199],"m":[200,205],"without":[201],"1.26":[204],"50-fold":[207],"pooling,":[208],"reaches":[214],"0.37":[215],"m.":[216],"These":[217],"results":[218],"correct":[219],"earlier":[221],"tracking-matrix":[222],"analysis,":[223],"place":[224],"concept":[226],"technology":[228],"readiness":[229],"level":[230],"2,":[231],"define":[233],"bench":[235],"experiment":[236],"needed":[237],"to":[238],"advance":[239],"it.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}