{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225610254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy-based phenomic prediction is competitive with genomic prediction in sorghum","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy-based phenomic prediction is competitive with genomic prediction in sorghum","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225610254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11233033/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11233033/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103048756","display_name":"Pradip Sapkota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-1370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-1370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradip Sapkota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103757943","display_name":"Fabian Leon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068945516","display_name":"Daniel Crozier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-235X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-235X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Crozier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062249054","display_name":"William L. Rooney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-1856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7953-1856"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William L. Rooney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.7519999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.2062000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11468","display_name":"Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorghum","display_name":"sorghum","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genomic-prediction","display_name":"genomic prediction","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-performance-prediction","display_name":"hybrid performance prediction","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-composition","display_name":"grain composition","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/starch","display_name":"starch","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proteins","display_name":"proteins","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fats","display_name":"fats","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibers","display_name":"fibers","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ash","display_name":"ash","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterosis","display_name":"heterosis","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"linear discriminant analysis","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-yield","display_name":"grain yield","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/days-to-anthesis","display_name":"days to anthesis","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-height","display_name":"plant height","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genotyping-by-sequencing","display_name":"genotyping-by-sequencing","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snp-markers","display_name":"SNP markers","score":0.8040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778157034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12111","display_name":"Sorghum","level":2,"score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992444039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145598","display_name":"Genomic selection","level":5,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.586899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48189365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42621","display_name":"Hybrid","level":2,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112592230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339051","display_name":"Heterosis","level":3,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16012445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501135","display_name":"Mixed model","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992211155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Grain yield","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161890455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503548","display_name":"Heritability","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139275648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17134011","display_name":"SNP","level":5,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130947863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533121","display_name":"Gene\u2013environment interaction","level":4,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103545067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796265","display_name":"Best linear unbiased prediction","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31467283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912147","display_name":"Genotyping","level":4,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155015343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788558","display_name":"Plant breeding","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020077223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomic information","level":4,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163691529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7391886","display_name":"SNP genotyping","level":5,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163175372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3339222","display_name":"Linear model","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11233033/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11233033/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11233033/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.991100013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225610254.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225610254.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589242259","https://openalex.org/W1970149620","https://openalex.org/W1977601452","https://openalex.org/W2067715889","https://openalex.org/W2092578737","https://openalex.org/W2096062275","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2128828902","https://openalex.org/W2157150618","https://openalex.org/W2158120005","https://openalex.org/W2163468216","https://openalex.org/W2434319803","https://openalex.org/W2607207785","https://openalex.org/W2611530529","https://openalex.org/W2785291720","https://openalex.org/W2903352744","https://openalex.org/W2940511043","https://openalex.org/W2952277607","https://openalex.org/W2964699024","https://openalex.org/W3042780372","https://openalex.org/W4200398454","https://openalex.org/W4205139899","https://openalex.org/W4205691352","https://openalex.org/W4210913867","https://openalex.org/W4225097450","https://openalex.org/W4293907433","https://openalex.org/W4296698254","https://openalex.org/W4319079697","https://openalex.org/W4387930660","https://openalex.org/W4392714200","https://openalex.org/W4396741772","https://openalex.org/W4399869435","https://openalex.org/W4399886017","https://openalex.org/W4400884264","https://openalex.org/W4402522981","https://openalex.org/W4404474008","https://openalex.org/W4406283523","https://openalex.org/W4414209423","https://openalex.org/W4416105163","https://openalex.org/W4416390294","https://openalex.org/W7166672084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414209423","https://openalex.org/W4407959656","https://openalex.org/W7061316545","https://openalex.org/W4396741772","https://openalex.org/W4406283523","https://openalex.org/W4387930660","https://openalex.org/W4200398454","https://openalex.org/W4300574300","https://openalex.org/W2899147590","https://openalex.org/W4416390294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Genomic":[1],"selection":[2,54],"is":[3,20,38],"well":[4],"established":[5],"in":[6,97,187,197],"many":[7],"crop":[8],"improvement":[9],"programs,":[10],"and":[11,87,103,113,116,137,159,176,186,206,225,231],"the":[12,98],"inclusion":[13],"of":[14,23,52,92,182,218,223],"phenomic":[15,24,53,158,236],"data":[16,25,61,161],"to":[17,40,111,127,191,228,244,247],"prediction":[18,37,153,165,193,237,246],"models":[19,154,166],"increasing.":[21],"Applications":[22],"for":[26,107],"predictive":[27],"methods":[28],"lag":[29],"because":[30],"genotypes":[31],"must":[32],"be":[33,239],"grown":[34],"whereas":[35],"genomic":[36,192,245],"applied":[39],"untested":[41,207],"genotypes.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45,68],"drawback,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"a":[49,76],"low-cost":[50,242],"approach":[51],"strategies":[55],"using":[56,121,142,168,215],"Near":[57],"Infrared":[58],"Spectroscopy":[59],"(NIRS)":[60],"collected":[62],"on":[63,171],"inbred":[64,90],"parental":[65],"lines.":[66],"For":[67],"study,":[69],"366":[70],"grain":[71,108,117,219],"sorghum":[72,249],"hybrids,":[73],"developed":[74],"from":[75,124,200],"partial":[77],"factorial,":[78],"were":[79,95,105,119,140,162,184],"evaluated":[80,96],"across":[81,252],"four":[82],"total":[83],"environments":[84,230],"between":[85],"2019":[86],"2020.":[88],"The":[89],"parents":[91,172],"these":[93,156],"hybrids":[94,102,199,208],"2020":[99],"environments.":[100,253],"Both":[101],"inbreds":[104],"phenotyped":[106],"yield,":[109],"days":[110],"anthesis,":[112],"plant":[114],"height":[115],"samples":[118,220],"scanned":[120],"NIRS":[122,169,183],"bandwidths":[123],"400\u20132500":[125],"nm":[126],"estimate":[128],"compositional":[129],"traits":[130],"such":[131],"as":[132,241],"starch,":[133],"protein,":[134],"fat,":[135],"fiber,":[136],"ash.":[138],"Parents":[139],"genotyped":[141],"genotyping":[143],"by":[144],"sequencing":[145],"which":[146],"produced":[147],"38,234":[148],"high-quality":[149],"SNP":[150],"markers.":[151],"Various":[152],"incorporating":[155],"genomic,":[157],"both":[160],"trained.":[163],"Phenomic":[164],"trained":[167],"obtained":[170],"(":[173,179,194,203,209],"M2":[174],")":[175,181,196,205],"mid-parent":[177],"heterosis":[178],"M3":[180],"similar,":[185],"most":[188],"cases":[189],"competitive":[190],"M1":[195],"predicting":[198],"un-testcrossed":[201],"lines":[202],"CVa":[204],"CVb":[210],").":[211],"Linear":[212],"discriminant":[213],"analysis":[214],"NIR":[216],"spectra":[217],"explained":[221],"majority":[222],"variance":[224],"was":[226],"able":[227],"characterize":[229],"heterotic":[232],"groups":[233],"accurately.":[234],"NIRS-based":[235],"could":[238],"implemented":[240],"alternative":[243],"predict":[248],"hybrid":[250],"performance":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}