{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225600317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","title":"Problem-driven engineering of porous silicon particles: from fundamental challenges to multifunctional biomedical platforms","display_name":"Problem-driven engineering of porous silicon particles: from fundamental challenges to multifunctional biomedical platforms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225600317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41231013","display_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","issn_l":"1477-3155","issn":["1477-3155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082192714","display_name":"Byung Seok Cha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6351-7037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6351-7037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung Seok Cha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089328313","display_name":"Joo Yeon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-5405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-5405","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-6465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joo Yeon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005513668","display_name":"Hongxu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-1900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6932-1900"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163874","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Ceramics","ror":"https://ror.org/05etnz140","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210163874"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768020","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure","ror":"https://ror.org/03yvpw311","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210163874","https://openalex.org/I4391768020"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongxu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210163874","https://openalex.org/I4391768020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059375688","display_name":"Michael J. Sailor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Sailor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA","Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082391416","display_name":"Dokyoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-3560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-3560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dokyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Systems for Translational & Resilient Autonomy (ASTRA) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-3560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Systems for Translational & Resilient Autonomy (ASTRA) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005513668","https://openalex.org/A5059375688","https://openalex.org/A5082391416"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210163874","https://openalex.org/I4210165038","https://openalex.org/I4391768020"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11169","display_name":"Silicon Nanostructures and Photoluminescence","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11169","display_name":"Silicon Nanostructures and Photoluminescence","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.07530000060796738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10920","display_name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porous-silicon-nanoparticles","display_name":"porous silicon nanoparticles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-functionalization","display_name":"surface functionalization","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-coatings","display_name":"hybrid coatings","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery","display_name":"drug delivery","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioimaging","display_name":"bioimaging","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle-synthesis","display_name":"nanoparticle synthesis","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoluminescence","display_name":"photoluminescence","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanobiomaterials","display_name":"nanobiomaterials","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.6456000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776685891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428660","display_name":"Porous silicon","level":3,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26926545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1939992","display_name":"Nanobiotechnology","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39629487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915146","display_name":"Biomimetic materials","level":2,"score":0.22419999539852142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21960000693798065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.2134999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.2134999930858612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41231013","display_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","issn_l":"1477-3155","issn":["1477-3155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-05246-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41231013","display_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","issn_l":"1477-3155","issn":["1477-3155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2552194188","https://openalex.org/W4415383361","https://openalex.org/W2261461235","https://openalex.org/W2973013026","https://openalex.org/W2910405329","https://openalex.org/W2325005851","https://openalex.org/W2101675523","https://openalex.org/W163073635","https://openalex.org/W1972638067","https://openalex.org/W3093550529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Porous":[0],"silicon":[1,16],"nanoparticles":[2],"(pSiNPs)":[3],"occupy":[4],"a":[5,75,246,252,291],"unique":[6],"position":[7],"in":[8,22,60,173,186,258],"the":[9,50,105,124,161,224,231,269],"field":[10],"of":[11,54,77,107,163,226,248,254],"biomedical":[12,275],"nanomaterials.":[13],"Their":[14],"degradable":[15],"framework,":[17],"tunable":[18],"porosity,":[19],"intrinsic":[20],"photoluminescence":[21],"suitably":[23],"prepared":[24],"materials,":[25],"and":[26,39,68,91,100,117,136,145,157,182,192,201,209,230,237,268],"diverse":[27],"surface":[28,64,87,109,128,199],"functionalization":[29],"options":[30],"make":[31],"them":[32],"attractive":[33],"candidates":[34],"for":[35,127,141,234],"drug":[36],"delivery,":[37],"bioimaging,":[38],"therapeutic":[40,153],"applications.":[41],"However,":[42],"these":[43,222],"material":[44],"attributes":[45],"alone":[46],"do":[47],"not":[48,244],"establish":[49],"performance":[51],"or":[52,152],"safety":[53,98,228],"individual":[55],"formulations,":[56],"which":[57,122],"require":[58,216],"evaluation":[59,181],"relation":[61],"to":[62,178,260,272],"their":[63,213],"chemistry,":[65],"coatings,":[66],"payloads,":[67],"intended":[69],"biological":[70,97,180,197,214],"use.":[71],"This":[72],"review":[73],"examines":[74],"decade":[76],"research":[78],"by":[79],"our":[80],"groups":[81],"addressing":[82],"five":[83,280],"interconnected":[84],"engineering":[85,184,294],"challenges:":[86],"functionalization,":[88,116],"cargo":[89,143,206],"retention":[90,144],"release":[92,146],"control,":[93],"application-specific":[94],"formulation":[95],"design,":[96],"evaluation,":[99],"particle":[101,188],"production.":[102],"We":[103,130,167,219],"describe":[104,183],"development":[106],"novel":[108],"chemistries,":[110],"including":[111],"thermal":[112],"dehydrocoupling,":[113],"heterocyclic":[114],"silane":[115],"microwave-induced":[118],"Si\u2013S":[119],"bond":[120],"formation,":[121],"expand":[123],"available":[125,227],"toolkit":[126],"engineering.":[129],"then":[131],"discuss":[132,169],"inorganic":[133],"silicate":[134],"sealing":[135],"hybrid":[137],"coatings":[138],"as":[139,175,245,251],"strategies":[140,203],"improving":[142],"control":[147],"while":[148,212],"introducing":[149],"additional":[150],"imaging":[151,156],"functions.":[154],"Selected":[155],"disease-focused":[158],"studies":[159],"illustrate":[160],"adaptability":[162],"porous":[164],"silicon-based":[165],"formulations.":[166],"also":[168],"single-cell":[170],"transcriptomic":[171],"analysis":[172],"zebrafish":[174],"an":[176],"approach":[177],"formulation-specific":[179,217],"advances":[185],"gram-scale":[187],"preparation.":[189],"Chemical":[190],"versatility":[191],"application":[193],"are":[194,287],"distinguished":[195],"from":[196],"generalizability:":[198],"modification":[200],"coating":[202],"must":[204],"balance":[205],"retention,":[207],"release,":[208],"carrier":[210],"degradation,":[211],"effects":[215],"evaluation.":[218],"critically":[220],"examine":[221],"trade-offs,":[223,267],"scope":[225],"evidence,":[229],"remaining":[232],"requirements":[233],"long-term":[235],"assessment":[236],"reproducible":[238],"manufacturing.":[239],"The":[240],"narrative":[241],"is":[242],"organized":[243],"catalog":[247],"results":[249],"but":[250],"series":[253],"deliberate":[255],"choices":[256],"made":[257],"response":[259],"specific":[261],"limitations,":[262],"highlighting":[263],"demonstrated":[264],"capabilities,":[265],"unresolved":[266],"validation":[270],"required":[271],"guide":[273],"further":[274],"development.":[276],"In":[277],"this":[278],"review,":[279],"structural":[281],"problems":[282],"that":[283],"hindered":[284],"pSiNP":[285],"translation":[286],"systematically":[288],"resolved":[289],"through":[290],"cumulative,":[292],"problem-driven":[293],"strategy":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}
