{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225592995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","title":"Prevalence Patterns and Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children 1 to 18 Years with TB Attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital TB Clinic","display_name":"Prevalence Patterns and Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children 1 to 18 Years with TB Attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital TB Clinic","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225592995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11313024/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11313024/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134907143","display_name":"Abukar Hussein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abukar Hussein Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120162275","display_name":"Abdirahman Ali Osobow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdirahman Ali Osobow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161302528","display_name":"Sleiman Ali Sleyoum","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sleiman Ali Sleyoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137298378","display_name":"Mohamud Abdalla Hassan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamud Abdalla Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620106","display_name":"Mohamed Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-4929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-4929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ali Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135896698","display_name":"Djamila Magan Mohamed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DJamila Magan Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009711968","display_name":"Melvis Bernis Maren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melvis Bernis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161275698","display_name":"Rakia Aboubaker Mohamed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakia Aboubaker Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160213960","display_name":"Jouyriah Adam mohamed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouyriah Adam mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161273007","display_name":"walyedin elfaky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"walyedin elfaky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.5029000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.5029000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.4456000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10554","display_name":"Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics (clinical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia","display_name":"anemia","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-tuberculosis","display_name":"pediatric tuberculosis","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia-prevalence","display_name":"anemia prevalence","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia-severity","display_name":"anemia severity","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stunting","display_name":"stunting","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breastfeeding-duration","display_name":"breastfeeding duration","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-coinfection","display_name":"HIV coinfection","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-loss","display_name":"weight loss","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin","display_name":"hemoglobin","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uganda","display_name":"Uganda","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors-for-anemia","display_name":"anemia risk factors","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9269000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778248108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5445","display_name":"Anemia","level":2,"score":0.761900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781376033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298999","display_name":"Microcytic anemia","level":3,"score":0.6140999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559","display_name":"Referral","level":2,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781058662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1358504","display_name":"Mean corpuscular volume","level":3,"score":0.5799000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5353000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775897519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273048","display_name":"Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration","level":4,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940759","display_name":"Mean corpuscular hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777550742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070695","display_name":"Macrocytic anemia","level":3,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144301174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7893852","display_name":"Univariate analysis","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886518","display_name":"Complete blood count","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1886493","display_name":"Macrocytosis","level":3,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113280763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2326546","display_name":"Subclinical infection","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11313024/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11313024/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11313024/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225592995.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225592995.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2281876466","https://openalex.org/W2605487740","https://openalex.org/W2896592294","https://openalex.org/W2936804268","https://openalex.org/W2949609212","https://openalex.org/W2982139574","https://openalex.org/W2982441356","https://openalex.org/W3125785149","https://openalex.org/W3128805173","https://openalex.org/W3217758922","https://openalex.org/W4200431682","https://openalex.org/W4286434272","https://openalex.org/W4362522235","https://openalex.org/W4366245652","https://openalex.org/W4389626033","https://openalex.org/W4395000543","https://openalex.org/W4399722514","https://openalex.org/W4402474394","https://openalex.org/W4402604799","https://openalex.org/W4403525022","https://openalex.org/W4405418095","https://openalex.org/W4408157443","https://openalex.org/W4410038877","https://openalex.org/W7136072308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221758839","https://openalex.org/W4386925769","https://openalex.org/W2899206574","https://openalex.org/W7197034756","https://openalex.org/W4410190060","https://openalex.org/W6930501707","https://openalex.org/W4415882981","https://openalex.org/W2891494084","https://openalex.org/W2886603247","https://openalex.org/W3202584335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Anemia":[2,192],"is":[3,22,319],"a":[4,71,101,286,320],"frequent":[5],"comorbidity":[6,322],"among":[7,54,236,248,264,323],"children":[8,55,180,339,349],"with":[9,52,58,82,139,238,285,302,340,345,350],"tuberculosis":[10,341],"(TB),":[11],"affecting":[12],"their":[13],"growth,":[14],"immunity,":[15],"and":[16,31,49,91,115,135,159,207,219,283,294,356],"overall":[17],"clinical":[18],"outcomes.":[19],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"limited":[23],"data":[24],"on":[25,154],"the":[26,46,126,155,171,176,223,226,265,335],"prevalence,":[27,47],"severity,":[28],"morphological":[29,143],"types":[30],"factors":[32,50],"associated":[33,51],"in":[34,37,137,165,195],"Uganda,":[35],"particularly":[36],"regional":[38],"referral":[39],"hospitals.":[40],"This":[41,69],"study":[42,178],"aimed":[43],"to":[44,79,108,169,297,348],"evaluate":[45],"patterns":[48],"anemia":[53,122,200,229,318,330],"1\u201318":[56],"years":[57,81,183],"TB":[59,66,83,275,325,343],"attending":[60,342],"Hoima":[61],"Regional":[62],"Referral":[63],"Hospital":[64],"(HRRH)":[65],"clinic.":[67],"Methods":[68],"was":[70,98,106,128,145,167,193],"hospital-based":[72],"analytical":[73],"cross-sectional":[74],"study.":[75],"Children":[76],"aged":[77],"1":[78],"18":[80],"at":[84],"HRRH":[85],"were":[86,187,230],"enrolled":[87],"following":[88],"informed":[89],"consent":[90],"assent":[92],"when":[93],"appropriate.":[94],"A":[95],"blood":[96,103],"sample":[97],"taken":[99],"for":[100,133,228,252,276,300,329],"complete":[102],"count,":[104],"which":[105],"used":[107],"determine":[109,170],"hemoglobin":[110,114,158],"level,":[111],"mean":[112,116,156,160],"corpuscular":[113,157],"capsular":[117,161],"volume.":[118,162],"The":[119,142],"presence":[120],"of":[121,288,337],"as":[123,125],"well":[124],"severity":[127],"determined":[129],"based":[130,153],"haemoglobin":[131],"concentration":[132],"age":[134],"gender":[136],"line":[138],"WHO":[140],"guidelines.":[141],"type":[144],"either":[146],"normocytic":[147],"normochromic,":[148],"microcytic":[149,216],"hypochromic":[150,217],"or":[151],"macrocytic":[152,220],"Logistic":[163],"regression":[164],"SPSS":[166],"done":[168],"significant":[172],"factors.":[173],"Results":[174],"Of":[175,309],"242":[177],"participants,":[179],"under":[181],"five":[182],"predominated":[184,201,212],"(60.3%).":[185],"There":[186],"slightly":[188],"more":[189],"males":[190],"(52.1%).":[191],"seen":[194],"147":[196],"(60.7%)":[197],"children.":[198],"Mild":[199],"(30.6%),":[202],"followed":[203,214],"by":[204,215,232,244,260,295],"moderate":[205,303],"(20.7%)":[206],"severe":[208,239],"(9.5%).":[209],"Normocytic":[210],"normochromic":[211],"(51.7%),":[213],"(36.7%)":[218],"(11.6%).":[221],"In":[222],"multivariable":[224],"analysis,":[225],"odds":[227],"increased":[231],"over":[233,245,261],"four":[234],"times":[235,247,263,299],"those":[237,249,271,284,301],"stunting":[240,304],"(P":[241,257,268,280,291,305],"=":[242,258,269,281,292,306],"0.042),":[243],"three":[246],"who":[250,272],"breastfed":[251],"less":[253],"than":[254],"12":[255],"months":[256,279],"0.022),":[259],"two":[262,298],"HIV":[266,351],"positive":[267],"0.002),":[270],"have":[273],"had":[274,314],"\u2264":[277],"2":[278],"0.015)":[282],"history":[287],"weight":[289,354],"loss":[290],"0.026)":[293],"close":[296],"0.005).":[307],"Conclusion":[308],"every":[310],"10":[311],"children,":[312],"6":[313],"anemia,":[315],"indicating":[316],"that":[317],"major":[321],"pediatric":[324],"patients.":[326],"Routine":[327],"screening":[328],"should":[331],"be":[332],"incorporated":[333],"into":[334],"management":[336],"all":[338],"clinics":[344],"particular":[346],"attention":[347],"co-infection,":[352],"stunting,":[353],"loss,":[355],"shorter":[357],"breastfeeding":[358],"duration.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}