{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225590102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","title":"A Halfway Bridge Between Classical and Quantum Physics: A Parameter-Free Photoelectric Law for 40 Metals and a Classical Test of Quantum Mechanics' Founding Experiments","display_name":"A Halfway Bridge Between Classical and Quantum Physics: A Parameter-Free Photoelectric Law for 40 Metals and a Classical Test of Quantum Mechanics' Founding Experiments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225590102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24052487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161297597","display_name":"Raj Kapil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9335-615X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9335-615X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kapil, Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9335-615X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161297597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.20100000500679016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12516","display_name":"Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications","score":0.07800000160932541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoelectric-effect","display_name":"photoelectric effect","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metals","display_name":"metals","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planck-constant","display_name":"Planck constant","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-geometry","display_name":"lattice geometry","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackbody-radiation","display_name":"blackbody radiation","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compton-scattering","display_name":"Compton scattering","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bell-tests","display_name":"Bell tests","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibunching","display_name":"antibunching","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pauli-exclusion-principle","display_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-to-classical-transition","display_name":"quantum-to-classical transition","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110340908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131594","display_name":"Pauli exclusion principle","level":2,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535169671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17080006","display_name":"Semiclassical physics","level":3,"score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197111296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122894","display_name":"Planck constant","level":3,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71570822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83213","display_name":"Photoelectric effect","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30539742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5997","display_name":"Fine-structure constant","level":3,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61203554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171516","display_name":"Compton scattering","level":3,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53702628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3090317","display_name":"Classical limit","level":3,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40937832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111","display_name":"Electric charge","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106491032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377930","display_name":"Classical electromagnetism","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68030841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172948","display_name":"Bohr model","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101879516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101","display_name":"Elementary charge","level":3,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157909335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900097","display_name":"Black-body radiation","level":3,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166126730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309","display_name":"Planck","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183276030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193095","display_name":"Coupling constant","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111806380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81745","display_name":"Classical physics","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24052487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24052488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052488","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24052993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052993","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24069058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24069058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24069058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24117373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24117373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24117373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24052487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914239132","https://openalex.org/W7169723715","https://openalex.org/W1987234931","https://openalex.org/W2729164349","https://openalex.org/W2132696822","https://openalex.org/W3134336690","https://openalex.org/W124105784","https://openalex.org/W90174975","https://openalex.org/W7170260718","https://openalex.org/W2080380875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,114],"photoelectric":[2],"threshold":[3],"frequency":[4,34,73],"of":[5,35,105,150],"15":[6],"elemental":[7],"metals":[8],"follows":[9],"a":[10,39,59,62,67,93,103,118,125,151,175,213],"classical":[11,32,63,109,152,218],"law":[12,49,116],"set":[13],"by":[14,70],"lattice":[15],"geometry,":[16],"\u03bd\u2080":[17],"\u2248":[18,131],"0.70":[19],"\u00d7":[20],"f_orbit(r),":[21],"to":[22,138,197],"within":[23,198],"16.5%":[24],"in":[25,108,184],"leave-one-out":[26],"tests.":[27],"Here":[28],"f_orbit":[29],"is":[30,136],"the":[31,44,48,78,81,85,98,177,180],"orbital":[33],"an":[36],"electron":[37],"about":[38],"unit":[40],"charge":[41,68,82],"at":[42,56],"half":[43],"nearest-neighbour":[45],"distance":[46],"r;":[47],"contains":[50],"no":[51],"Planck":[52],"constant.":[53],"We":[54,211],"arrive":[55],"it":[57],"from":[58,219],"semiclassical":[60],"mechanism:":[61],"light":[64],"wave":[65],"pushes":[66],"confined":[69],"its":[71,88],"surroundings,":[72],"rather":[74],"than":[75],"intensity":[76],"decides":[77],"push,":[79],"and":[80,167,170,193,204],"leaves":[83],"when":[84],"exchange":[86],"exceeds":[87],"binding.":[89],"Each":[90],"swing":[91],"exchanges":[92],"fixed":[94,148],"action":[95],"h":[96,173],"with":[97,111,165],"wave,":[99],"treated":[100],"here":[101],"as":[102,107,174],"constant":[104],"nature,":[106],"electrodynamics":[110],"zero-point":[112],"radiation.":[113],"orbit":[115],"beats":[117],"quantum-confinement":[119],"formula":[120],"(25%":[121],"error)":[122],"but":[123],"trails":[124],"simple":[126],"electrostatic":[127],"energy":[128],"law,":[129],"\u03c6":[130],"0.40":[132],"e\u00b2/(4\u03c0\u03b5\u2080r)":[133],"(14%),":[134],"which":[135],"close":[137],"known":[139],"image-charge":[140],"models.":[141],"At":[142],"three":[143],"scales,":[144],"characteristic":[145],"frequencies":[146],"are":[147],"fractions":[149],"frequency:":[153],"metal":[154],"photoemission":[155],"thresholds,":[156],"inner-shell":[157],"X-ray":[158,194],"lines":[159],"(1.0%":[160],"rms":[161],"across":[162],"eight":[163],"elements":[164],"relativity),":[166],"nuclear":[168],"thresholds":[169],"resonances.":[171],"With":[172],"constant,":[176],"picture":[178],"reproduces":[179],"energy-exchange":[181],"experiments":[182],"listed":[183],"Section":[185],"5,":[186],"among":[187],"them":[188],"blackbody":[189],"radiation,":[190],"Compton":[191],"scattering":[192],"lines,":[195],"several":[196],"1%.":[199],"Bell":[200],"tests,":[201],"antibunching,":[202],"spin":[203],"Pauli":[205],"exclusion":[206],"still":[207],"require":[208],"quantum":[209,220],"mechanics.":[210],"propose":[212],"strain":[214],"test":[215],"that":[216],"separates":[217],"scaling.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}