{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225586944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","title":"Development and Characterization of a Mucoadhesive Buccal Patch of Carvedilol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation for Enhanced Bioavailability","display_name":"Development and Characterization of a Mucoadhesive Buccal Patch of Carvedilol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation for Enhanced Bioavailability","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225586944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","pdf_url":"https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijap/article/download/59531/34646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764477652","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"0975-7058","issn":["0975-7058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697801","host_organization_name":"Innovare Academic Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697801"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innovare Academic Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijap/article/download/59531/34646","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055391344","display_name":"Gorakh J. Dhumal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4257-2723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4257-2723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885392262","display_name":"GITAM University","ror":"https://ror.org/0440p1d37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"GORAKH J. DHUMAL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, GITAM, Deemed to be University, Hyderabad-502329, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4257-2723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, GITAM, Deemed to be University, Hyderabad-502329, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161300491","display_name":"PAVAN KUMAR CHINTAMANENI","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885392262","display_name":"GITAM University","ror":"https://ror.org/0440p1d37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PAVAN KUMAR CHINTAMANENI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, GITAM, Deemed to be University, Hyderabad-502329, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, GITAM, Deemed to be University, Hyderabad-502329, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885392262"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"212","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10920","display_name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10920","display_name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10704","display_name":"Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10256","display_name":"Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carvedilol","display_name":"carvedilol","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucoadhesive-buccal-patches","display_name":"mucoadhesive buccal patches","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucosal-drug-delivery","display_name":"mucosal drug delivery","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethylcellulose","display_name":"ethyl cellulose","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-pass-metabolism","display_name":"first-pass metabolism","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioavailability-enhancement","display_name":"bioavailability enhancement","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-adrenergic-blocker","display_name":"beta-adrenergic blocker","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amorphous-drug-dispersion","display_name":"amorphous drug dispersion","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mucoadhesion","display_name":"mucoadhesion","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controlled-drug-release","display_name":"controlled drug release","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solvent-casting","display_name":"solvent casting","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-excipient-compatibility","display_name":"drug-excipient compatibility","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antihypertensive-drugs","display_name":"antihypertensive drugs","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780020223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25323681","display_name":"Mucoadhesion","level":4,"score":0.9531000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195735259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963239","display_name":"Buccal administration","level":2,"score":0.828499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181389837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461809","display_name":"Bioavailability","level":2,"score":0.7911999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6675999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.6435999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420113","display_name":"Ethyl cellulose","level":3,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777937549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464303","display_name":"Folding endurance","level":4,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778540859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234","display_name":"Swelling","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170295934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4952019","display_name":"Box\u2013Behnken design","level":3,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201253974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330121","display_name":"First pass effect","level":3,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777056448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285166","display_name":"Oral administration","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101335993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408943","display_name":"Poloxamer","level":4,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77281830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718608","display_name":"Dosage form","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780591200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412534","display_name":"Carvedilol","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13245373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3715494","display_name":"Drug carrier","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","pdf_url":"https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijap/article/download/59531/34646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764477652","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"0975-7058","issn":["0975-7058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697801","host_organization_name":"Innovare Academic Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697801"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innovare Academic Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2026v18i6.59531","pdf_url":"https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijap/article/download/59531/34646","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764477652","display_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"0975-7058","issn":["0975-7058"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697801","host_organization_name":"Innovare Academic Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697801"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Innovare Academic Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317448","display_name":"Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/0440p1d37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225586944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225586944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104984337","https://openalex.org/W1888628630","https://openalex.org/W1970132137","https://openalex.org/W1996697333","https://openalex.org/W2077256124","https://openalex.org/W2122931571","https://openalex.org/W2419293159","https://openalex.org/W2888926850","https://openalex.org/W2914240115","https://openalex.org/W2943413777","https://openalex.org/W3004465995","https://openalex.org/W3011354259","https://openalex.org/W3023529892","https://openalex.org/W3038569904","https://openalex.org/W3049182096","https://openalex.org/W3083303320","https://openalex.org/W3083774881","https://openalex.org/W3089388548","https://openalex.org/W3092861045","https://openalex.org/W3104493490","https://openalex.org/W3157476328","https://openalex.org/W3160846967","https://openalex.org/W3163069880","https://openalex.org/W3163547685","https://openalex.org/W3192404293","https://openalex.org/W3193823764","https://openalex.org/W3199165549","https://openalex.org/W3206531921","https://openalex.org/W3213695622","https://openalex.org/W4205271483","https://openalex.org/W4205320581","https://openalex.org/W4214746816","https://openalex.org/W4220744843","https://openalex.org/W4220823363","https://openalex.org/W4280538188","https://openalex.org/W4308344811","https://openalex.org/W4319982017","https://openalex.org/W4322806298","https://openalex.org/W4387745749","https://openalex.org/W4390782356","https://openalex.org/W4400298815","https://openalex.org/W4405045386","https://openalex.org/W4405865474","https://openalex.org/W4408265624","https://openalex.org/W4410501240","https://openalex.org/W7125423470","https://openalex.org/W7134970313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2514975066","https://openalex.org/W2496851599","https://openalex.org/W2555445753","https://openalex.org/W2178779006","https://openalex.org/W7163369793","https://openalex.org/W7160437196","https://openalex.org/W4312314188","https://openalex.org/W2148940647","https://openalex.org/W2740944081","https://openalex.org/W2183824757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Hypertension":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,20,50,82,92,103,168,192,200,216,237,249,274],"leading":[4],"contributor":[5],"to":[6,46,56,101,218,244,248,277],"cardiovascular":[7],"morbidity":[8],"worldwide,":[9],"necessitating":[10],"improved":[11],"therapeutic":[12],"strategies":[13],"for":[14,120,292],"effective":[15,30],"long-term":[16],"management.":[17],"Carvedilol":[18],"(CDL),":[19],"non-selective":[21],"\u03b2-adrenergic":[22],"blocker":[23],"with":[24,88,105,180,255],"additional":[25],"\u03b1\u2081-blocking":[26],"activity,":[27],"is":[28],"clinically":[29],"but":[31],"suffers":[32],"from":[33,215,242],"extensive":[34],"first-pass":[35],"metabolism":[36],"and":[37,48,60,110,138,145,153,175,191,202,208,285,295],"limited":[38],"oral":[39,279],"bioavailability.":[40],"The":[41,95,114,160,267],"present":[42],"study":[43],"was":[44,118],"undertaken":[45],"design":[47],"evaluate":[49],"mucoadhesive":[51,84,163,270],"buccal":[52,68,164,264,271],"patch":[53,104,165,272],"of":[54,172,195,213,252],"carvedilol":[55,162,214,269],"enhance":[57],"systemic":[58,260],"availability":[59],"antihypertensive":[61,286],"efficacy":[62],"through":[63,263],"transmucosal":[64],"delivery.":[65,265],"Methods:":[66],"Mucoadhesive":[67],"patches":[69],"were":[70,98,148],"formulated":[71],"using":[72,150],"the":[73,211,225],"solvent-casting":[74],"technique,":[75],"employing":[76],"tamarind":[77],"seed":[78],"polymer":[79,85],"(TSP)":[80],"as":[81,91],"natural":[83],"in":[86,134,139,240],"combination":[87],"ethyl":[89],"cellulose":[90],"release-modifying":[93],"agent.":[94],"formulation":[96,116],"variables":[97],"systematically":[99],"optimized":[100,115,161],"obtain":[102],"desirable":[106],"mechanical":[107],"strength,":[108],"mucoadhesion,":[109],"controlled":[111],"drug":[112,136,178,186,230,261],"release.":[113],"(CMBP-8)":[117,166],"evaluated":[119],"its":[121,290],"physicochemical":[122,182],"properties,":[123],"surface":[124,128,193,204],"morphology,":[125,205],"folding":[126,189],"endurance,":[127,190],"pH,":[129],"swelling":[130],"behavior,":[131],"mucoadhesion":[132,170],"time,":[133],"vitro":[135],"release,":[137,179],"vivo":[140,233],"pharmacokinetic":[141,234],"performance.":[142],"Drug\u2013excipient":[143],"compatibility":[144],"solid-state":[146],"characteristics":[147],"investigated":[149],"FTIR,":[151],"DSC,":[152],"powder":[154],"X-ray":[155],"diffraction":[156],"(P-XRD)":[157],"analyses.":[158],"Results:":[159],"exhibited":[167],"prolonged":[169],"time":[171],"408":[173],"min":[174],"94.68%":[176],"cumulative":[177],"excellent":[181],"characteristics,":[183],"including":[184],"94.05\u00b10.64%":[185],"content,":[187],"250\u00b11.52":[188],"pH":[194],"6.81\u00b10.28.":[196],"SEM":[197],"analysis":[198],"demonstrated":[199],"smooth":[201],"homogeneous":[203],"while":[206],"DSC":[207],"PXRD":[209],"confirmed":[210],"conversion":[212],"crystalline":[217],"an":[219],"amorphous,":[220],"molecularly":[221],"dispersed":[222],"state":[223],"within":[224],"polymeric":[226],"matrix,":[227],"indicating":[228],"successful":[229],"incorporation.":[231],"In":[232],"studies":[235],"showed":[236],"significant":[238],"increase":[239],"AUC\u2080\u2013\u221e":[241],"561.63\u00b117.64":[243],"1535.72\u00b138.54":[245],"ng\u00b7h/ml,":[246],"corresponding":[247],"relative":[250],"bioavailability":[251,284],"273.45%":[253],"compared":[254],"pure":[256],"carvedilol,":[257],"confirming":[258],"enhanced":[259],"exposure":[262],"Conclusion:":[266],"developed":[268],"offers":[273],"promising":[275],"alternative":[276],"conventional":[278],"dosage":[280],"forms":[281],"by":[282],"improving":[283],"efficacy,":[287],"thereby":[288],"supporting":[289],"potential":[291],"further":[293],"translational":[294],"clinical":[296],"development.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}
