{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225577937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","title":"Optimization of oil production rates under geomechanical stress constraints: a coupled reservoir\u2013geomechanics approach using cascaded artificial neural network surrogates","display_name":"Optimization of oil production rates under geomechanical stress constraints: a coupled reservoir\u2013geomechanics approach using cascaded artificial neural network surrogates","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225577937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3165308179","display_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","issn_l":"1110-1903","issn":["1110-1903","2536-9512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051834171","display_name":"Qahtan A. Jubair","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qahtan A. Jubair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023770809","display_name":"Mohammed Saleh Al-Jawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-4550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3110-4550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed S. Al-Jawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081383000","display_name":"Farqad Ali Hadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-9423","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-9423"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farqad A. Hadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023770809","https://openalex.org/A5051834171","https://openalex.org/A5081383000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.8148999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.8148999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10635","display_name":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","score":0.17419999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-effective-stress","display_name":"mean effective stress","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-compaction","display_name":"reservoir compaction","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-failure","display_name":"rock failure","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-pressure-prediction","display_name":"pore pressure prediction","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"particle swarm optimization","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"genetic algorithm","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mishrif-formation","display_name":"Mishrif Formation","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbonate-reservoirs","display_name":"carbonate reservoirs","score":0.8420000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5468999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776364302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845437","display_name":"Oil field","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778414698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623438","display_name":"Stress field","level":3,"score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781189437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7081438","display_name":"Oil pressure","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85676937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2251807","display_name":"Effective stress","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349660","display_name":"Oil production","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779565104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5447138","display_name":"Field trial","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3165308179","display_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","issn_l":"1110-1903","issn":["1110-1903","2536-9512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s44147-026-01322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3165308179","display_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","issn_l":"1110-1903","issn":["1110-1903","2536-9512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225577937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225577937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003536755","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2165299997","https://openalex.org/W2546004607","https://openalex.org/W2582425175","https://openalex.org/W2769279952","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3048659499","https://openalex.org/W3158760769","https://openalex.org/W4205338991","https://openalex.org/W4205761701","https://openalex.org/W4214708256","https://openalex.org/W4295852020","https://openalex.org/W4362456677","https://openalex.org/W4391755645","https://openalex.org/W4400786193","https://openalex.org/W4402842177","https://openalex.org/W4407870835","https://openalex.org/W4410251878","https://openalex.org/W4412434712","https://openalex.org/W7160203436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7129544696","https://openalex.org/W7148492949","https://openalex.org/W7205016206","https://openalex.org/W7168375780","https://openalex.org/W2012296499","https://openalex.org/W2592496567","https://openalex.org/W2894546048","https://openalex.org/W2546004607","https://openalex.org/W2519397395","https://openalex.org/W2027184593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Geomechanical":[1],"constraints":[2],"can":[3],"limit":[4,30],"oil":[5,68],"production":[6,33,69],"from":[7,70,97],"deep":[8],"carbonate":[9],"reservoirs,":[10],"because":[11],"depletion":[12,136],"raises":[13],"the":[14,20,71,75,83,94,98,109,128,131,135,169,178,219,226,230,235,239,256,263,305],"effective":[15,84,113,246],"stress":[16,86,118,132,248],"and,":[17],"with":[18,157,229,243],"it,":[19],"risk":[21],"of":[22,74,171,185,187,225,249,255,280],"compaction":[23],"and":[24,47,101,104,155,162,180,189,204,252],"rock":[25],"failure.":[26],"Enforcing":[27],"such":[28],"a":[29,32,59,105,125,158,206,244,276,311],"inside":[31],"optimizer":[34],"is":[35,308],"costly,":[36],"since":[37],"every":[38],"candidate":[39,270],"rate":[40,140,298],"schedule":[41,141,228,307],"produces":[42],"its":[43],"own":[44],"pore-pressure":[45,95],"field":[46,96,111,302],"one":[48,269],"coupled":[49,153,156],"reservoir\u2013geomechanical":[50],"simulation":[51],"takes":[52],"about":[53,210,273,281,288],"3":[54,282],"h.":[55,290],"This":[56],"study":[57],"develops":[58],"cascaded":[60,292],"artificial":[61],"neural":[62],"network":[63],"(ANN)":[64],"surrogate":[65,293],"to":[66,167],"maximize":[67],"MB21":[72],"unit":[73],"Mishrif":[76],"Formation,":[77],"Buzurgan":[78],"Oil":[79],"Field,":[80],"while":[81],"keeping":[82],"mean":[85,114,247],"below":[87],"11,200":[88,257],"psi.":[89],"A":[90],"Pressure":[91,179],"ANN":[92,107],"predicts":[93],"well":[99],"rates":[100,170],"geomechanical":[102],"inputs,":[103],"Stress":[106,181],"converts":[108],"predicted":[110],"into":[112],"stress.":[115],"Unlike":[116],"single-network":[117],"surrogates,":[119],"which":[120],"need":[121],"pore":[122],"pressure":[123],"as":[124,218],"known":[126],"input,":[127],"cascade":[129],"evaluates":[130],"constraint":[133,259],"for":[134,198],"that":[137],"each":[138],"proposed":[139],"would":[142],"itself":[143],"cause.":[144],"The":[145,291],"networks":[146],"were":[147,260],"trained":[148],"on":[149],"2,446":[150],"high-fidelity":[151,313],"CMG-GEM":[152,232],"simulations":[154],"Genetic":[159],"Algorithm":[160],"(GA)":[161],"Particle":[163],"Swarm":[164],"Optimization":[165],"(PSO)":[166],"allocate":[168],"18":[172],"producers.":[173],"On":[174],"independent":[175],"test":[176],"scenarios,":[177],"ANNs":[182],"reached":[183,205],"coefficients":[184],"determination":[186],"0.95":[188],"0.94.":[190],"PSO":[191,227],"produced":[192],"42,799.02":[193,241],"bbl/day":[194,197,242],"against":[195],"42,592.96":[196],"GA":[199],"(+":[200],"206.06":[201],"bbl/day,":[202],"0.48%)":[203],"near-optimal":[207],"solution":[208],"within":[209],"25":[211],"iterations;":[212],"both":[213],"algorithms":[214],"identified":[215],"Well":[216],"8":[217],"most":[220],"geomechanically":[221,296],"sensitive":[222],"producer.":[223],"Re-simulation":[224],"original":[231],"model":[233],"over":[234,262],"seven-year":[236],"horizon":[237],"delivered":[238],"allocated":[240],"maximum":[245],"11,198":[250],"psi,":[251],"no":[253],"violations":[254],"psi":[258],"observed":[261],"155,540":[264],"evaluated":[265,271],"spatio-temporal":[266],"points.":[267],"With":[268],"in":[272],"0.13":[274],"s,":[275],"complete":[277],"optimization":[278,299],"run":[279],"\u00d7":[283],"10":[284],"4":[285],"evaluations":[286],"took":[287],"1":[289],"therefore":[294],"makes":[295],"constrained":[297],"tractable":[300],"at":[301],"scale,":[303],"provided":[304],"selected":[306],"confirmed":[309],"by":[310],"final":[312],"simulation.":[314]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}
