{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225577656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","title":"Cost per Accepted Answer: A Method for Measuring the True Cost of LLM Inference","display_name":"Cost per Accepted Answer: A Method for Measuring the True Cost of LLM Inference","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225577656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24047927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161280156","display_name":"Ahmed Jaffar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7510-6221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7510-6221"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaffar, Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Western Ontario","Independent researcher, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7510-6221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Ontario","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161280156"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.35420000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.35420000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.24619999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.14169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/token-pricing","display_name":"token pricing","score":0.925000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93983250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795053","display_name":"Cost estimate","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164624739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754331","display_name":"Activity-based costing","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15716912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5174768","display_name":"Cost database","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8326231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7887147","display_name":"Unit price","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24047927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24047928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24047927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24047927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164318983","https://openalex.org/W7167207431","https://openalex.org/W7203528193","https://openalex.org/W7140708657","https://openalex.org/W7170188277","https://openalex.org/W7225463822","https://openalex.org/W4416063909","https://openalex.org/W7203582777","https://openalex.org/W7103197551","https://openalex.org/W7220441211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Token":[0],"price":[1],"is":[2,15],"the":[3,17,66,75,82,114],"unit":[4,18],"most":[5],"teams":[6],"use":[7],"to":[8],"reason":[9],"about":[10],"LLM":[11],"cost,":[12],"but":[13],"it":[14],"not":[16],"they":[19],"actually":[20],"pay":[21,24],"for.":[22],"Teams":[23],"for":[25,70],"accepted":[26,45],"answers,":[27],"and":[28,61,87],"every":[29,71],"failed":[30],"or":[31],"retried":[32],"attempt":[33],"adds":[34],"cost":[35,43],"that":[36,64,100,110,117],"token":[37],"pricing":[38,62],"hides.":[39],"This":[40],"preprint":[41],"defines":[42],"per":[44],"answer:":[46],"a":[47,88,97],"measurement":[48],"method":[49,95],"built":[50],"on":[51,113],"logical":[52],"tasks,":[53],"individually":[54],"recorded":[55,58],"attempts,":[56],"acceptance":[57],"after":[59],"review,":[60],"snapshots":[63],"pin":[65],"exact":[67],"rates":[68],"used":[69],"figure.":[72],"It":[73],"describes":[74],"design":[76],"of":[77],"an":[78,107],"open":[79],"source":[80],"implementation,":[81],"AI":[83],"Inference":[84],"Control":[85],"Plane,":[86],"worked":[89],"example":[90],"with":[91,106],"illustrative":[92],"numbers.":[93],"The":[94],"makes":[96],"cheaper":[98],"model":[99,109],"needs":[101],"more":[102],"attempts":[103],"directly":[104],"comparable":[105],"expensive":[108],"answers":[111],"cleanly,":[112],"only":[115],"number":[116],"matters:":[118],"what":[119],"one":[120],"kept":[121],"answer":[122],"cost.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}
