{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225567912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","title":"Access Without Retention: Free Senior Secondary Education and the Urban Public-School Retention Gap in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","display_name":"Access Without Retention: Free Senior Secondary Education and the Urban Public-School Retention Gap in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225567912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052324","display_name":"Afrischolar Discovery","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4391012544","host_organization_name":"Afrischolar Discovery Initiative","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012544"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147917288","display_name":"Wisdom B. Bassey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2170-2350","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2170-2350"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52605992","display_name":"National Open University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/009tveq15","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassey, Wisdom B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Open University of Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Open University of Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154140342","display_name":"Fatimah Opeyemi ABIOLA","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52605992","display_name":"National Open University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/009tveq15","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abiola, Fatimah Opeyemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Open University of Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Open University of Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52605992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158350312","display_name":"Joel Ataguba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ataguba, Joel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12204","display_name":"African Education and Politics","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12204","display_name":"African Education and Politics","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.08309999853372574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-retention","display_name":"student retention","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-attrition","display_name":"school attrition","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-public-schools","display_name":"urban public schools","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-schools","display_name":"private schools","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-education-gap","display_name":"urban-rural education gap","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy-evaluation","display_name":"education policy evaluation","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-parity-in-education","display_name":"gender parity in education","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/akwa-ibom-state","display_name":"Akwa Ibom State","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-monitoring","display_name":"early warning monitoring","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780553607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684868","display_name":"Attrition","level":2,"score":0.6851999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6146000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993717907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q443477","display_name":"Free state","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983454672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14623204","display_name":"Secondary education","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299260","display_name":"Local government area","level":3,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986592023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1802419","display_name":"State government","level":3,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779791860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511009","display_name":"Compulsory education","level":2,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109167261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421955","display_name":"Fell","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017614220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8434","display_name":"Formal education","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052324","display_name":"Afrischolar Discovery","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4391012544","host_organization_name":"Afrischolar Discovery Initiative","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012544"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60787/aksujacog.vol6no4.49-60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052324","display_name":"Afrischolar Discovery","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4391012544","host_organization_name":"Afrischolar Discovery Initiative","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012544"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3113763428","https://openalex.org/W2878212370","https://openalex.org/W3206898583","https://openalex.org/W2581845016","https://openalex.org/W7153743853","https://openalex.org/W2562769849","https://openalex.org/W2463884511","https://openalex.org/W1923347074","https://openalex.org/W2281426694","https://openalex.org/W2755346293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Akwa":[0,80,105,151,205],"Ibom":[1,81,106,206],"State":[2,82],"domesticated":[3],"Nigeria's":[4],"Child":[5],"Rights":[6],"Act":[7],"in":[8,11,97,192,196,204,209,213],"2008":[9],"and,":[10],"2009,":[12],"extended":[13],"free":[14,40],"and":[15,28,56,70,103,162,194,224,247],"compulsory":[16],"education":[17],"to":[18,92,124],"senior":[19,53,234],"secondary":[20,54,235],"school,":[21],"abolishing":[22],"PTA":[23],"levies,":[24],"introducing":[25],"perpupil":[26],"subventions,":[27],"assuming":[29],"final":[30],"examination":[31],"fees.":[32],"Fifteen":[33],"years":[34],"on,":[35],"it":[36],"remains":[37],"unclear":[38],"whether":[39],"access":[41],"has":[42],"translated":[43],"into":[44],"completion.":[45],"Using":[46],"a":[47,158,172,233],"NEMIS":[48],"school-census":[49],"dataset":[50],"covering":[51],"20,660":[52],"schools":[55,128,142],"1.61":[57],"million":[58],"SS1":[59,86,91,161,193],"students":[60,132],"across":[61],"34":[62],"state-level":[63],"records,":[64],"this":[65,183],"study":[66,231],"benchmarked":[67],"national":[68,186],"retention":[69,236],"conducted":[71],"the":[72,112,118,169,216,225],"first":[73],"Local":[74],"Government":[75],"Area":[76],"(LGA)-level":[77],"evaluation":[78],"of":[79,131,250],"(615":[83],"schools,":[84,139],"85,167":[85],"students).":[87,126],"Nationally,":[88],"attrition":[89],"from":[90],"SS3":[93,163],"was":[94,190],"14.07%,":[95],"concentrated":[96],"an":[98,248],"11.23%":[99],"loss":[100,120],"between":[101,160],"SS2":[102,239],"SS3.":[104,197],"performed":[107],"worse,":[108],"with":[109,135,175,219],"17.8%":[110],"attrition;":[111],"state":[113],"capital,":[114],"Uyo":[115],"LGA,":[116],"recorded":[117],"highest":[119],"at":[121,215],"33.0%":[122],"(10,388":[123],"6,959":[125],"Public":[127],"retained":[129,143],"81.7%":[130],"nationally":[133],"compared":[134],"98.7%":[136],"for":[137,147,221,244],"private":[138],"while":[140,164],"rural":[141],"93.3%":[144],"against":[145],"79.8%":[146],"urban":[148,251],"schools.":[149,253],"Within":[150],"Ibom,":[152],"public-sector":[153],"enrollment":[154,166,210],"fell":[155],"by":[156],"almost":[157],"third":[159],"private-sector":[165],"rose":[167],"over":[168],"same":[170],"period,":[171],"pattern":[173],"consistent":[174],"within-state":[176],"transfer,":[177],"though":[178],"cross-sectional":[179],"data":[180],"cannot":[181],"confirm":[182],"mechanism.":[184],"The":[185,230],"gender":[187],"parity":[188],"index":[189],"0.933":[191],"0.927":[195],"These":[198],"results":[199],"suggested":[200],"that":[201],"free-access":[202],"policy":[203],"had":[207],"succeeded":[208],"but":[211],"not":[212],"completion":[214],"SS2-SS3":[217],"transition,":[218],"implications":[220],"SDG":[222],"4.1":[223],"state's":[226],"STEM":[227],"workforce":[228],"pipeline.":[229],"proposed":[232],"supplement":[237],"combining":[238],"early-warning":[240],"monitoring,":[241],"targeted":[242],"support":[243],"high-loss":[245],"LGAs,":[246],"audit":[249],"public":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}