{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225564745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","title":"Quantification of ESS Cell Voltage Inconsistency Using Subspace Projection Based RPCA and Mahalanobis Distance","display_name":"Quantification of ESS Cell Voltage Inconsistency Using Subspace Projection Based RPCA and Mahalanobis Distance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225564745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764620966","display_name":"The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","issn_l":"1975-8359","issn":["1975-8359","2287-4364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["kci-registered","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697825","host_organization_name":"Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042256367","display_name":"Hye-Ryeon Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-7145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-7145"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hye-Ryeon Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161270671","display_name":"Ho-min Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-min Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017404065","display_name":"Youna Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-5526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-5526"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You-Na Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022182156","display_name":"Sangjae Choi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjae Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059773924","display_name":"Pil-Sung Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1977-6250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1977-6250"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pil-Sung Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"11","first_page":"3023","last_page":"3031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage-systems","display_name":"energy storage systems","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-pca","display_name":"robust principal component analysis","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-projection","display_name":"subspace projection","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series-connected-battery-cells","display_name":"series-connected battery cells","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-rank-and-sparse-decomposition","display_name":"low-rank and sparse decomposition","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value-decomposition","display_name":"singular value decomposition","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-balancing","display_name":"battery balancing","score":0.5419999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.7888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6171000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65557600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249451","display_name":"Projection method","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2026.75.11.3023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764620966","display_name":"The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","issn_l":"1975-8359","issn":["1975-8359","2287-4364"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["kci-registered","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697825","host_organization_name":"Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1012920797","https://openalex.org/W3001199307","https://openalex.org/W2404942284","https://openalex.org/W3015991605","https://openalex.org/W3095620730","https://openalex.org/W2013066195","https://openalex.org/W2344329973","https://openalex.org/W3151782201","https://openalex.org/W2072109218","https://openalex.org/W4312649742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large-Scale":[0],"energy":[1],"storage":[2],"systems":[3],"(ESSs)":[4],"require":[5],"quantitative":[6,51],"methods":[7],"for":[8,53,275],"evaluating":[9,54],"cell":[10,56,78,124,158,162,290],"voltage":[11,39,57,79,89,120,215,281],"inconsistency":[12,58],"using":[13],"operational":[14],"data.":[15],"In":[16,232],"a":[17,50,82,95,143,272,286],"battery":[18,171],"rack":[19],"composed":[20],"of":[21,28,122,156,175,212,289],"numerous":[22],"series-connected":[23],"cells,":[24,177],"differences":[25,219],"in":[26,37,220],"state":[27],"charge,":[29],"capacity,":[30],"internal":[31],"resistance,":[32],"and":[33,68,94,117,134,147,186,222],"degradation":[34,291],"can":[35],"result":[36],"different":[38,209,244],"behaviors":[40],"even":[41],"under":[42,182],"the":[43,77,87,108,113,118,153,160,240,260,263],"same":[44,241],"operating":[45,180],"conditions.":[46,188],"This":[47],"study":[48],"proposes":[49],"method":[52,166],"relative":[55,154,225],"based":[59],"on":[60],"Robust":[61],"Principal":[62],"Component":[63],"Analysis":[64],"(RPCA),":[65],"subspace":[66,129],"projection,":[67],"Mahalanobis":[69],"Distance":[70],"(MD).":[71],"RPCA":[72],"was":[73,104,125,149,167],"applied":[74,106,168],"to":[75,107,111,130,151,169,226],"decompose":[76],"matrix":[80],"into":[81,142],"low":[83,229],"rank":[84],"component":[85,97,110],"representing":[86,98],"common":[88],"variation":[90],"shared":[91],"among":[92],"cells":[93,194,201,227,236,277],"sparse":[96],"localized":[99],"deviations.":[100],"Singular":[101],"Value":[102],"Decomposition":[103],"then":[105],"low-rank":[109],"extract":[112],"dominant":[114],"temporal":[115],"subspace,":[116],"original":[119,214],"trajectory":[121],"each":[123,157,173],"projected":[126],"onto":[127],"this":[128],"obtain":[131],"representative":[132],"charging":[133,221],"discharging":[135,223],"features.":[136],"The":[137,164,189],"two":[138],"features":[139],"were":[140,237],"combined":[141],"two-dimensional":[144],"feature":[145],"vector,":[146],"MD":[148,197,206,230],"calculated":[150],"quantify":[152],"deviation":[155],"from":[159],"overall":[161],"population.":[163],"proposed":[165,264],"four":[170],"racks,":[172],"consisting":[174],"238":[176],"over":[178],"three":[179],"cycles":[181],"identical":[183],"state-of-charge":[184],"ranges":[185],"constant-power":[187],"results":[190],"showed":[191,203],"that":[192,247],"most":[193],"exhibited":[195],"similar":[196],"levels,":[198],"whereas":[199],"several":[200],"repeatedly":[202],"relatively":[204,279],"high":[205],"values":[207],"across":[208],"cycles.":[210],"Comparison":[211],"their":[213],"trajectories":[216],"confirmed":[217],"persistent":[218],"behavior":[224,282],"with":[228,278],"values.":[231],"addition,":[233],"many":[234],"high-MD":[235],"located":[238],"at":[239],"positions":[242],"within":[243],"modules,":[245],"indicating":[246],"structural,":[248],"measurement,":[249],"wiring,":[250],"or":[251,292],"balancing":[252],"effects":[253],"should":[254],"also":[255],"be":[256],"considered":[257],"when":[258],"interpreting":[259],"results.":[261],"Therefore,":[262],"MD-based":[265],"index":[266],"is":[267],"more":[268],"appropriately":[269],"interpreted":[270],"as":[271,285],"screening":[273],"indicator":[274,288],"identifying":[276],"distinct":[280],"rather":[283],"than":[284],"direct":[287],"failure.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}