{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225559355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","title":"Students Learn to Use Generative AI Before Learning to Question It: Ordinal Trajectories of Academic Use and Caution from Adolescence to University","display_name":"Students Learn to Use Generative AI Before Learning to Question It: Ordinal Trajectories of Academic Use and Caution from Adolescence to University","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225559355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402530","display_name":"EdArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161288947","display_name":"Maria Elena Cuenca-Rodriguez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Elena Cuenca-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102975431","display_name":"Marta Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-5515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5819-5515"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marta Martinez-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161271679","display_name":"Miren Perez-Eizaquirre","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miren Perez-Eizaquirre","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058460879","display_name":"G. M. Sacha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-5021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-5021"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gomez Monivas Sacha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-5021","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-use-of-ai","display_name":"academic use of AI","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-ai-literacy","display_name":"critical AI literacy","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-trajectories","display_name":"developmental trajectories","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescence","display_name":"adolescence","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-reliability","display_name":"perceived reliability","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.7401000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.527400016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.47110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110313322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100793","display_name":"Ordinal regression","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402530","display_name":"EdArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/cm438_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402530","display_name":"EdArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7140095972","https://openalex.org/W4414174114","https://openalex.org/W7203597054","https://openalex.org/W7225402461","https://openalex.org/W7155536811","https://openalex.org/W7125766002","https://openalex.org/W4411498572","https://openalex.org/W7161157947","https://openalex.org/W7128789671","https://openalex.org/W6947776548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Students":[0],"are":[1],"adopting":[2],"generative":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(GenAI)":[6],"at":[7,23,113,119],"increasingly":[8],"early":[9,219],"educational":[10],"stages,":[11],"yet":[12],"little":[13],"is":[14],"known":[15],"about":[16],"whether":[17],"caution":[18,102,165,187],"toward":[19,143,188],"its":[20,189],"outputs":[21],"develops":[22],"the":[24,56,91,191,197,211],"same":[25,57],"pace.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28,138],"examined":[29],"ordinal":[30],"trajectories":[31,109],"of":[32,65,93,99,163,201],"academic":[33,59],"GenAI":[34,182],"use":[35,50,95,125,181],"and":[36,52,73,89,116,139,145],"caution,":[37],"assessed":[38,49],"as":[39],"perceived":[40,53],"reliability,":[41],"from":[42,136],"adolescence":[43],"to":[44,213],"university.":[45],"Two":[46],"coordinated":[47],"surveys":[48],"frequency":[51],"reliability":[54],"for":[55,172],"11":[58],"activities":[60],"in":[61,168,220],"an":[62],"exact-age":[63],"sample":[64],"1,598":[66],"students:":[67],"1,167":[68],"secondary":[69],"students":[70,76,159,180],"aged":[71,77],"12-17":[72],"431":[74],"higher-education":[75],"18-25,":[78],"who":[79],"also":[80],"rated":[81],"seven":[82],"additional":[83],"research-oriented":[84],"activities.":[85],"Between":[86],"ages":[87,114],"12":[88],"17,":[90],"odds":[92,162],"higher":[94,122],"increased":[96],"per":[97],"year":[98],"age,":[100],"whereas":[101,196],"showed":[103,126,150],"no":[104,127,151],"significant":[105],"change.":[106],"The":[107],"use-caution":[108],"diverged":[110],"significantly,":[111],"first":[112,198],"14-15":[115],"more":[117],"strongly":[118],"16-17.":[120],"In":[121],"education,":[123],"overall":[124],"linear":[128,152],"increase,":[129],"but":[130],"task-specific":[131,226],"models":[132],"revealed":[133],"a":[134],"shift":[135],"examination":[137],"immediate":[140],"question":[141],"resolution":[142],"translation":[144],"linguistic":[146],"revision.":[147],"Caution":[148],"likewise":[149],"trend":[153],"across":[154],"university":[155],"ages.":[156],"However,":[157],"fourth-year":[158],"had":[160],"greater":[161],"strong":[164],"than":[166],"those":[167],"Years":[169],"1-3,":[170],"particularly":[171],"advanced":[173],"research":[174],"tasks.":[175],"These":[176,208],"findings":[177,209],"suggest":[178],"that":[179],"intensively":[183],"before":[184],"developing":[185],"equivalent":[186],"responses:":[190],"divergence":[192],"emerges":[193],"during":[194],"adolescence,":[195,221],"clear":[199],"sign":[200],"correction":[202],"appears":[203],"only":[204],"near":[205],"degree":[206],"completion.":[207],"highlight":[210],"need":[212],"introduce":[214],"critical":[215],"AI":[216],"literacy":[217],"education":[218],"combining":[222],"practical":[223],"experience":[224],"with":[225],"evaluation":[227],"strategies.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-09T00:00:00"}