{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225467679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","title":"Metrics and instruments used to assess occupational exposure to nanomaterials: A scoping review","display_name":"Metrics and instruments used to assess occupational exposure to nanomaterials: A scoping review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225467679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288079","display_name":"Next Nanotechnology","issn_l":"2949-8295","issn":["2949-8295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Nanotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093101128","display_name":"Neda Mehrparvar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-7519","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-7519"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70640408","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neda Mehrparvar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","Student\u00b4s Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student\u00b4s Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035756941","display_name":"Azadeh Ashtarinezhad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-5387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-5387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azadeh Ashtarinezhad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119216565","display_name":"Sadaf Tasbiti Banasaz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadaf Tasbiti Banasaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022282479","display_name":"Nargess Moghadasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-9693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-9693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narges Moghadasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Politecnico Di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094266647","display_name":"Zahra Peivandi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Peivandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077914757","display_name":"Soqrat Omari Shekaftik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1122-1223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1122-1223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70640408","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soqrat Omari Shekaftik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","Student\u00b4s Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student\u00b4s Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077914757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"],"apc_list":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"apc_paid":{"value":1280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1280},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"100921","last_page":"100921"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.3725999891757965,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.3725999891757965,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11026","display_name":"Occupational and environmental lung diseases","score":0.21719999611377716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.18469999730587006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure","display_name":"occupational exposure","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanomaterials","display_name":"nanomaterials","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airborne-nanoparticles","display_name":"airborne nanoparticles","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size-distribution","display_name":"particle size distribution","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-concentration","display_name":"mass concentration","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-area","display_name":"surface area","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-deposition","display_name":"lung deposition","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-reading-instruments","display_name":"direct-reading instruments","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-aerosol","display_name":"background aerosol","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-air-monitoring","display_name":"workplace air monitoring","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7178999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198408306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008388","display_name":"Exposure assessment","level":2,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987845665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072363","display_name":"Occupational exposure","level":2,"score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072363","display_name":"Occupational exposure limit","level":3,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775847012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075810","display_name":"Occupational science","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288079","display_name":"Next Nanotechnology","issn_l":"2949-8295","issn":["2949-8295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Nanotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:376e3f64a8b040528ee637a6cbefab68","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/376e3f64a8b040528ee637a6cbefab68","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Next Nanotechnology, Vol 10, Iss , Pp 100921- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2026.100921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387288079","display_name":"Next Nanotechnology","issn_l":"2949-8295","issn":["2949-8295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Next Nanotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313199","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1252772593","https://openalex.org/W1791529836","https://openalex.org/W2006875527","https://openalex.org/W2019281257","https://openalex.org/W2059276596","https://openalex.org/W2102370932","https://openalex.org/W2106195457","https://openalex.org/W2126161500","https://openalex.org/W2137414009","https://openalex.org/W2170128028","https://openalex.org/W2306611150","https://openalex.org/W2335520164","https://openalex.org/W2394841833","https://openalex.org/W2414137547","https://openalex.org/W2461569205","https://openalex.org/W2501584038","https://openalex.org/W2581608144","https://openalex.org/W2613795497","https://openalex.org/W2888752982","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2909035818","https://openalex.org/W3034222902","https://openalex.org/W3097054980","https://openalex.org/W3120975901","https://openalex.org/W3126640902","https://openalex.org/W3133495447","https://openalex.org/W3168051014","https://openalex.org/W3216106249","https://openalex.org/W4308195382","https://openalex.org/W4318151188","https://openalex.org/W4318207610","https://openalex.org/W4376138562","https://openalex.org/W4376142372","https://openalex.org/W4379385848","https://openalex.org/W4383068108","https://openalex.org/W4384407057","https://openalex.org/W4387091756","https://openalex.org/W4408016512","https://openalex.org/W4411452926","https://openalex.org/W4412972115","https://openalex.org/W4414105759","https://openalex.org/W4416058740","https://openalex.org/W7140326099","https://openalex.org/W7159592322","https://openalex.org/W7163409667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7110071902","https://openalex.org/W4297857867","https://openalex.org/W3118856553","https://openalex.org/W562752254","https://openalex.org/W2216567705","https://openalex.org/W3168051014","https://openalex.org/W4409174065","https://openalex.org/W2599991858","https://openalex.org/W4328135919","https://openalex.org/W2726655414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantitative":[0],"assessment":[1,102,225],"of":[2,19,56,113,198,213],"occupational":[3,43,80,222],"exposure":[4,34,249],"to":[5,41,65,216,242,246],"nanomaterials":[6],"in":[7,79,120,126,132,140,178],"workplaces":[8],"is":[9],"crucial.":[10],"This":[11,28],"task":[12],"faces":[13],"many":[14],"challenges,":[15],"notably":[16],"the":[17,38,105,186,203,220],"lack":[18],"an":[20],"agreed-upon":[21],"metric":[22,204,215],"for":[23],"measuring":[24],"and":[25,54,90,101,135,161,168,174,185,191,224,231,239,251],"characterizing":[26],"exposure.":[27,44],"scoping":[29],"review":[30],"examines":[31],"research":[32],"on":[33,37,219],"assessment,":[35,100,180],"focusing":[36],"metrics":[39,193],"used":[40],"evaluate":[42],"In":[45,227],"accordance":[46],"with":[47],"PRISMA-ScR":[48],"reporting":[49,199],"recommendations,":[50],"databases":[51],"PubMed,":[52],"Scopus,":[53],"Web":[55],"Science":[57],"were":[58,72,88,111,118],"searched":[59],"without":[60],"initial":[61],"time":[62],"limit":[63],"up":[64],"September":[66],"23,":[67],"2026.":[68],"The":[69,85,196,211],"inclusion":[70],"criteria":[71],"articles":[73],"quantitatively":[74],"assessing":[75],"airborne":[76,136],"nanoscale":[77],"particles":[78],"or":[81,208],"workplace":[82],"relevant":[83],"settings.":[84],"following":[86],"data":[87],"extracted":[89],"descriptively":[91],"analyzed:":[92],"measurement":[93],"metrics,":[94],"instruments,":[95],"tasks,":[96],"sampling":[97,167,181],"strategies,":[98],"background":[99,179],"purposes.":[103],"From":[104],"3867":[106],"records":[107],"identified,":[108],"215":[109],"studies":[110,147],"included,":[112],"which":[114],"number":[115],"based":[116,166],"measurements":[117,233],"reported":[119,148],"195":[121],"(90.7%),":[122],"particle":[123,159],"size":[124,162],"distributions":[125],"164":[127],"(76.3%),":[128],"mass":[129],"related":[130,151],"outcomes":[131],"149":[133],"(69.3%)":[134],"surface":[137,152],"area":[138,153],"measures":[139],"69":[141],"(32.1%);":[142],"categories":[143],"overlapped.":[144],"Fifty":[145],"three":[146],"lung":[149],"deposition":[150],"measures.":[154],"Direct":[155],"reading":[156],"instruments":[157],"characterized":[158],"concentration":[160],"patterns":[163],"whereas":[164],"collection":[165],"offline":[169,232],"analyses":[170],"provided":[171],"complementary":[172],"chemical":[173],"morphological":[175],"information.":[176],"Differences":[177],"location,":[182],"instrument":[183],"outputs":[184],"distinction":[187],"between":[188],"directly":[189],"measured":[190],"derived":[192],"complicated":[194],"comparisons.":[195],"frequency":[197],"does":[200],"not":[201],"determine":[202],"validity,":[205],"health":[206],"relevance,":[207],"comparative":[209],"suitability.":[210],"choice":[212],"what":[214],"adopt":[217],"depends":[218],"material,":[221],"task,":[223],"purpose.":[226],"addition,":[228],"both":[229],"online":[230],"should":[234],"be":[235,243],"taken":[236],"when":[237],"appropriate,":[238],"reports":[240],"need":[241],"consistently":[244],"compared":[245],"facilitate":[247],"improved":[248],"characterization":[250],"interpretation.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}
