{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225467358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","title":"Is a Differentiable Ontology Possible? Representation, Property-Preserving Editing by Gradient Descent and by Language Models, and Scale","display_name":"Is a Differentiable Ontology Possible? Representation, Property-Preserving Editing by Gradient Descent and by Language Models, and Scale","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225467358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23992218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013807777","display_name":"Yoichi Ochiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-5724","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-5724"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ochiai, Yoichi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tsukuba; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tsukuba; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013807777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215","https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.06300000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"categorization","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"gradient descent","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation-learning","display_name":"representation learning","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-interpretability","display_name":"model interpretability","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.6556000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779849256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5454147","display_name":"First class","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157659113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533822","display_name":"WordNet","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101230327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826165","display_name":"Web Ontology Language","level":3,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23992218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23992219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24045297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24045297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24045297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23992218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23992218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099247848","https://openalex.org/W270889201","https://openalex.org/W7099493669","https://openalex.org/W7098371495","https://openalex.org/W2479774427","https://openalex.org/W7104470920","https://openalex.org/W1558973396","https://openalex.org/W7225251413","https://openalex.org/W6903857222","https://openalex.org/W7095248260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"ontology":[1,28],"states":[2],"what":[3],"exists":[4],"and":[5,51,60,81,96,108,112,121,157],"how":[6],"it":[7],"is":[8,21,219],"classified.":[9],"In":[10,173],"a":[11,22,35,39,46,64,138,161,178,184,207],"symbolic":[12],"ontology,":[13],"reclassifying":[14],"the":[15,104,113,146,155,164,223],"whale":[16],"from":[17,235],"fish":[18],"to":[19,42,237],"mammal":[20],"jump.":[23],"We":[24,55],"ask":[25],"whether":[26],"an":[27,134,190],"can":[29,48],"be":[30,52],"held":[31],"as":[32,106],"points":[33,213],"in":[34,63,86,194,239],"continuous":[36],"space":[37],"with":[38,72,163,187,221],"smooth":[40],"map":[41],"answers,":[43],"so":[44],"that":[45,66,102,182,188],"category":[47],"change":[49],"gradually":[50],"checked":[53],"stepwise.":[54],"store":[56],"81":[57],"WordNet":[58],"concepts":[59,144],"25":[61],"classes":[62],"network":[65],"answers":[67,111],"each":[68],"(concept,":[69],"class)":[70],"query":[71],"one":[73],"of":[74,189,196,204,211],"four":[75,83],"values":[76],"(true,":[77],"false,":[78],"both,":[79],"neither),":[80],"test":[82],"criteria":[84],"fixed":[85],"advance:":[87],"representation,":[88],"property-preserving":[89],"editing,":[90],"edits":[91],"written":[92],"by":[93,97],"gradient":[94,162],"descent":[95],"large":[98],"language":[99,176],"models":[100,247],"(LLMs)":[101],"read":[103],"weights":[105],"text,":[107],"scale.":[109],"All":[110],"class":[114,140],"order":[115],"are":[116],"recovered":[117],"on":[118,122],"five":[119],"seeds,":[120],"all":[123],"sixteen":[124],"edit":[125,181],"paths":[126,244],"no":[127],"sampled":[128],"point":[129],"violates":[130],"disjointness":[131],"or":[132],"changes":[133],"untouched":[135],"concept.":[136],"When":[137],"new":[139],"requires":[141],"separating":[142],"two":[143,149],"at":[145,170],"same":[147,165],"point,":[148],"LLMs":[150],"(one":[151],"run":[152],"each)":[153],"diagnosed":[154],"collapse":[156],"changed":[158],"25\u201332":[159],"parameters;":[160],"permissions":[166],"succeeded":[167],"too,":[168],"changing":[169,227],"least":[171],"1,309.":[172],"12":[174],"pretrained":[175],"models,":[177],"gradient-free":[179],"rank-1":[180],"overwrites":[183],"subject's":[185],"representation":[186],"existing":[191],"concept":[192],"succeeds":[193],"55%":[195],"pooled":[197],"trials,":[198],"against":[199],"3%":[200],"for":[201],"random":[202],"directions":[203],"equal":[205],"norm,":[206],"mean":[208],"per-model":[209],"difference":[210],"54":[212],"(95%":[214],"interval":[215],"35\u201372).":[216],"Its":[217],"effect":[218],"consistent":[220],"substituting":[222],"subject":[224],"rather":[225],"than":[226],"its":[228],"class;":[229],"reordering":[230],"prompt":[231],"examples":[232],"lowered":[233],"success":[234],"90%":[236],"71%":[238],"seven":[240],"re-run":[241],"pairs.":[242],"Edit":[243],"inside":[245],"real":[246],"remain":[248],"unchecked.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}
