{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225466181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/vfem-k920","title":"The Cost of Compliance: A Correlational Study of Institutional Expenditures and Web Accessibility at Historically Black Colleges and Universities","display_name":"The Cost of Compliance: A Correlational Study of Institutional Expenditures and Web Accessibility at Historically Black Colleges and Universities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225466181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/vfem-k920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Professional Doctoral Culminating Experience"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161255695","display_name":"Justin Walker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justin Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161255695"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11514","display_name":"Disability Education and Employment","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"web accessibility","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-institutions","display_name":"higher education institutions","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historically-black-colleges-and-universities","display_name":"historically Black colleges and universities","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-costs","display_name":"institutional expenditures","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-tool","display_name":"WAVE tool","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-density","display_name":"defect density","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-accessibility-testing","display_name":"automated accessibility testing","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127142870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838279","display_name":"Trend analysis","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779999868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191891","display_name":"Fiscal year","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620945","display_name":"Historically black colleges and universities","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984519610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35127","display_name":"Web site","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984407347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9166713","display_name":"Postsecondary education","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Professional Doctoral Culminating Experience"},{"id":"doi:10.26207/vfem-k920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26207/vfem-k920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26207/vfem-k920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsphere.psu.edu:c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/c1ccb445-4086-44dd-83ed-64ca668a379c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401507","display_name":"ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3130638595","host_organization_name":"Pangasinan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130638595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Professional Doctoral Culminating Experience"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043737590","https://openalex.org/W4249237241","https://openalex.org/W7161370830","https://openalex.org/W7165001021","https://openalex.org/W4285806104","https://openalex.org/W2944254979","https://openalex.org/W2619994268","https://openalex.org/W2981913123","https://openalex.org/W222013012","https://openalex.org/W2927143483"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Institutional":[0],"websites":[1],"provide":[2],"an":[3],"important":[4],"pathway":[5],"to":[6,168,212,228],"higher":[7],"education.":[8],"For":[9],"historically":[10],"Black":[11],"colleges":[12],"and":[13,23,33,90,111,140,156,171,175,184,217],"universities":[14],"(HBCUs),":[15],"their":[16],"accessibility":[17,36,53,158,213],"connects":[18],"educational":[19],"inclusion":[20],"with":[21,52,73,194],"recruitment":[22],"enrollment.":[24],"This":[25],"quantitative,":[26],"nonexperimental,":[27],"correlational":[28],"study":[29,207],"examined":[30],"institutional":[31,107,128,149,210],"expenditure":[32,138,155],"detected":[34,78,157],"web":[35],"barriers":[37],"at":[38,182,187],"20":[39],"small,":[40],"private":[41],"HBCUs.":[42],"IPEDS":[43],"finance":[44],"data":[45],"for":[46],"fiscal":[47],"year":[48],"2024":[49],"were":[50,71,114],"paired":[51],"assessments":[54],"using":[55],"WebAIM\u2019s":[56],"WAVE":[57],"tool":[58],"conducted":[59],"in":[60],"early":[61],"2026.":[62],"Total":[63],"core":[64],"expenses":[65],"per":[66],"full-time":[67],"equivalent":[68],"(FTE)":[69],"student":[70],"compared":[72],"error":[74],"density,":[75],"defined":[76],"as":[77],"errors":[79],"divided":[80],"by":[81],"scanned":[82],"page":[83],"elements.":[84],"The":[85,117,134,206],"primary":[86],"correlation":[87],"was":[88,178],"negative":[89],"not":[91,120,197],"statistically":[92],"significant,":[93],"r":[94],"(18)":[95],"=":[96,99],"\u2212.237,":[97],"p":[98],".314,":[100],"95%":[101],"CI":[102],"[\u2212.615,":[103],".229].":[104],"Correlations":[105],"involving":[106],"support,":[108,110],"academic":[109],"tuition":[112,162,174,192],"dependence":[113],"also":[115],"nonsignificant.":[116],"results":[118],"did":[119],"establish":[121],"that":[122,127],"resources":[123],"are":[124],"irrelevant":[125],"or":[126,201],"priorities":[129],"caused":[130],"the":[131,222],"observed":[132,198],"variation.":[133],"cohort":[135],"size,":[136],"broad":[137],"measures,":[139],"partial":[141],"coverage":[142],"of":[143,154,203,224],"automated":[144],"testing":[145],"limit":[146],"interpretation.":[147],"Descriptive":[148],"profiles":[150],"illustrated":[151],"different":[152],"combinations":[153],"issues.":[159],"Supplementary":[160],"gross":[161],"scenarios":[163],"applied":[164],"alternative":[165],"disability":[166],"assumptions":[167],"fall":[169],"headcount":[170],"annual":[172],"published":[173],"fees.":[176],"Exposure":[177],"approximately":[179],"$130.8":[180],"million":[181,186],"38%":[183],"$62.0":[185],"18%.":[188],"These":[189],"amounts":[190],"describe":[191],"associated":[193],"assumed":[195],"populations,":[196],"losses,":[199],"forecasts,":[200],"counts":[202],"excluded":[204],"applicants.":[205],"supports":[208],"coordinated":[209],"attention":[211],"across":[214],"compliance,":[215],"mission,":[216],"enrollment":[218],"strategy,":[219],"while":[220],"leaving":[221],"causes":[223],"performance":[225],"differences":[226],"open":[227],"further":[229],"research.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}
