{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225464154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404","title":"Modeling Freeway Tunnel Driving Risk: A Driving Simulator Study Incorporating Driver Visual Characteristics","display_name":"Modeling Freeway Tunnel Driving Risk: A Driving Simulator Study Incorporating Driver Visual Characteristics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225464154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261500404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101962652","display_name":"Yonghong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-7213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-7213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-7213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tunnel Safety and Emergency Support Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161159154","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139860645","display_name":"Jingwen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7229-045X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7229-045X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7229-045X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101653137","display_name":"Yixi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8145-9811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8145-9811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8145-9811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005395473","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5313-6064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5313-6064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5313-6064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161184064","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1945-8251","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1945-8251"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1945-8251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101962652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13527","display_name":"Road Transport and Highway Systems","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeway-tunnels","display_name":"freeway tunnels","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-behavior","display_name":"driver behavior","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-length","display_name":"tunnel length","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-gradient-boosting","display_name":"extreme gradient boosting","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-importance","display_name":"feature importance","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-safety","display_name":"tunnel safety","score":0.8669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40319758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535477","display_name":"Geometric design","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486902","display_name":"Mathematical model","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520944541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702232","display_name":"Zoning","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261500404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7250000238418579},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336405","display_name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1847046478","https://openalex.org/W2002787905","https://openalex.org/W2036619968","https://openalex.org/W2039946495","https://openalex.org/W2069040401","https://openalex.org/W2072501310","https://openalex.org/W2137157359","https://openalex.org/W2366260897","https://openalex.org/W2461698802","https://openalex.org/W2750591756","https://openalex.org/W2770279421","https://openalex.org/W2883941536","https://openalex.org/W2944816309","https://openalex.org/W2954912101","https://openalex.org/W2984332092","https://openalex.org/W3028522729","https://openalex.org/W3047867529","https://openalex.org/W3084951399","https://openalex.org/W3122832077","https://openalex.org/W3145355196","https://openalex.org/W3161651929","https://openalex.org/W3210585740","https://openalex.org/W4206364060","https://openalex.org/W4210689475","https://openalex.org/W4226167956","https://openalex.org/W4282016089","https://openalex.org/W4282931182","https://openalex.org/W4283445879","https://openalex.org/W4296218594","https://openalex.org/W4298153030","https://openalex.org/W4365813566","https://openalex.org/W4388403787","https://openalex.org/W4388722799","https://openalex.org/W4389280080","https://openalex.org/W4391741314","https://openalex.org/W4392435037","https://openalex.org/W4395108778","https://openalex.org/W4400031517","https://openalex.org/W4400142925","https://openalex.org/W4400686744","https://openalex.org/W4401148809","https://openalex.org/W4403712086","https://openalex.org/W4404205345","https://openalex.org/W4404494947","https://openalex.org/W4404495380","https://openalex.org/W4406186581","https://openalex.org/W4406325073","https://openalex.org/W4406748555","https://openalex.org/W4406798027","https://openalex.org/W4406973896","https://openalex.org/W4409412039","https://openalex.org/W4409415060","https://openalex.org/W4410020164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7170164944","https://openalex.org/W7120101503","https://openalex.org/W4399203343","https://openalex.org/W4401958287","https://openalex.org/W6921063435","https://openalex.org/W4392435029","https://openalex.org/W7160958764","https://openalex.org/W4200567805","https://openalex.org/W4415279673","https://openalex.org/W4406186581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,131,242],"mechanisms":[1,249],"through":[2],"which":[3],"roadway":[4,41],"design":[5,73,231],"parameters":[6],"and":[7,29,56,75,88,91,107,122,142,158,175,181,206,230,256],"drivers\u2019":[8,102],"visual":[9,98,103,172,229],"characteristics":[10],"influence":[11],"driving":[12,38,201],"risk":[13,86,112,191],"remain":[14],"unclear.":[15],"This":[16],"study":[17,243],"transforms":[18],"the":[19,85,97,108,115,189,234,238,251],"2-dimensional":[20],"alignment":[21,72],"indicators":[22,25],"into":[23,61,247],"2.5-dimensional":[24],"perceived":[26],"by":[27,58],"drivers,":[28],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,49,62,78],"nine-zone":[32,109],"tunnel":[33,116,259],"zoning":[34],"method":[35],"to":[36,83],"capture":[37,101],"risk.":[39,130,222],"A":[40],"model":[42,135],"with":[43,233],"eight":[44],"tunnels":[45,208],"was":[46,81],"built":[47],"for":[48],"driving-simulation":[50],"experiment.":[51],"Driving-behavior":[52],"data":[53],"were":[54],"collected":[55],"converted":[57],"factor":[59],"analysis":[60,119,165,194],"quantitative":[63],"driving-risk":[64],"index.":[65],"Using":[66],"these":[67],"perceptual":[68,169,182,214,217],"indicators,":[69],"zone-specific":[70],"indices,":[71],"parameters,":[74],"tunnel-type":[76],"variables,":[77,232],"machine-learning-based":[79],"predictor":[80],"trained":[82],"predict":[84],"index":[87],"examine":[89],"marginal":[90,211],"interaction":[92],"effects.":[93],"Results":[94],"show":[95,209],"that":[96,126,196],"metrics":[99],"effectively":[100],"behavior":[104],"inside":[105],"tunnels,":[106],"scheme":[110],"represents":[111],"profiles":[113],"along":[114],"corridor.":[117],"Factor":[118],"extracts":[120],"longitudinal":[121],"lateral":[123],"latent":[124],"factors":[125],"jointly":[127],"determine":[128],"crash":[129],"extreme":[132],"gradient":[133],"boosting":[134],"outperforms":[136],"random":[137],"forest,":[138],"support":[139],"vector":[140],"machine,":[141],"back-propagation":[143],"neural":[144],"network,":[145],"achieving":[146],"an":[147],"R":[148],"2":[149,174],"of":[150,156,162,253],"0.847,":[151],"root":[152],"mean":[153,159],"square":[154],"error":[155,161],"1.974,":[157],"absolute":[160],"1.387.":[163],"Feature-importance":[164],"identifies":[166],"entrance":[167,197,235],"section,":[168,178],"curvature":[170,215],"in":[171,185],"zones":[173,198],"3,":[176],"transition":[177,204],"medium-length":[179],"tunnel,":[180],"curved":[183,218],"length":[184,219],"zone":[186],"3":[187],"as":[188],"dominant":[190],"factors.":[192],"Marginal-effect":[193],"indicates":[195],"markedly":[199],"increase":[200],"risk,":[202],"while":[203],"sections":[205],"medium":[207],"weak":[210],"effects;":[212],"higher":[213],"or":[216],"mainly":[220],"increases":[221],"Interaction":[223],"effects":[224],"reveal":[225],"non-linear":[226],"superposition":[227],"between":[228],"section":[236],"showing":[237],"clearest":[239],"amplification":[240],"effect.":[241],"offers":[244],"new":[245],"insights":[246],"crash-risk":[248],"from":[250],"perspective":[252],"driver":[254],"vision":[255],"helps":[257],"mitigate":[258],"safety":[260],"problems.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}
