{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225460896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","title":"CONTINUED PATRONAGE AFTER HYGIENE PENALTIES AND EXTENDED TPB STUDY IN ALOR SETAR","display_name":"CONTINUED PATRONAGE AFTER HYGIENE PENALTIES AND EXTENDED TPB STUDY IN ALOR SETAR","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225460896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1737/1121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1737/1121","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161190769","display_name":"MUHAMMAD HAZIQ MOHD HAFIZ","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MUHAMMAD HAZIQ MOHD HAFIZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042578763","display_name":"Joesri Mohamad Saber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOESRI MOHAMAD SABER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161189721","display_name":"MUHAMMAD IZZUL IRFAN NAZARUDDIN","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MUHAMMAD IZZUL IRFAN NAZARUDDIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051052187","display_name":"Azlan Salim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"AZLAN SALIM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112532728","display_name":"Raja Iskandar Putera Raja Mustapha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RAJA ISKANDAR PUTERA RAJA MUSTAPHA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Branch, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"SI5","first_page":"40","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11957","display_name":"Food Safety and Hygiene","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11957","display_name":"Food Safety and Hygiene","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10154","display_name":"Customer Service Quality and Loyalty","score":0.04960000142455101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.02800000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-planned-behavior","display_name":"theory of planned behavior","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"risk perception","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes","display_name":"attitudes","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subjective-norms","display_name":"subjective norms","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-behavioral-control","display_name":"perceived behavioral control","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customer-confidence","display_name":"customer confidence","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety-violations","display_name":"food safety violations","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alor-setar","display_name":"Alor Setar","score":0.8820000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89785696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2290753","display_name":"Theory of planned behavior","level":3,"score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.644599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778967200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22813086","display_name":"Perceived control","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19891933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9370542","display_name":"Normative social influence","level":3,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123269153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897038","display_name":"Theory of reasoned action","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301468","display_name":"Consumer behaviour","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82793941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046024","display_name":"Path analysis (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777754422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081927","display_name":"Social marketing","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1737/1121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v7si5.1737","pdf_url":"https://www.qjssh.com/index.php/qjssh/article/download/1737/1121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279194","display_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","issn_l":"2716-6481","issn":["2716-6481"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.47620001435279846,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225460896.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225460896.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6905110457","https://openalex.org/W3139522991","https://openalex.org/W4387782842","https://openalex.org/W4383873685","https://openalex.org/W146656201","https://openalex.org/W2901712593","https://openalex.org/W4403866634","https://openalex.org/W2058435731","https://openalex.org/W2006598484","https://openalex.org/W2025928661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hygiene":[0],"enforcement":[1],"can":[2],"alter":[3],"how":[4],"customers":[5,27,65],"evaluate":[6],"a":[7,10,43,154],"restaurant,":[8],"although":[9],"previous":[11],"violation":[12],"does":[13,141],"not":[14,120,142],"necessarily":[15],"end":[16],"subsequent":[17],"patronage.":[18],"Evidence":[19],"explaining":[20],"this":[21,137],"behaviour":[22],"remains":[23],"limited,":[24],"particularly":[25],"after":[26,161],"become":[28],"aware":[29],"of":[30,57,77],"an":[31,144],"official":[32],"hygiene":[33,162],"penalty.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36],"therefore":[37,129],"examined":[38],"Continued":[39,80],"Patronage":[40,81],"Intention":[41],"toward":[42],"Nasi":[44],"Kandar":[45],"restaurant":[46,159],"in":[47,79,136],"Alor":[48],"Setar":[49],"by":[50],"incorporating":[51],"Perceived":[52,104,117,149],"Risk":[53,118],"into":[54],"the":[55,85,131],"Theory":[56],"Planned":[58],"Behaviour":[59],"(TPB).":[60],"Questionnaire":[61],"data":[62],"from":[63,148],"351":[64],"were":[66,113],"analysed":[67],"with":[68],"SPSS.":[69],"The":[70,127,151],"four-predictor":[71],"regression":[72],"model":[73],"accounted":[74],"for":[75,157],"28.5%":[76],"variation":[78],"Intention.":[82],"Attitude":[83],"recorded":[84],"largest":[86],"standardised":[87],"effect":[88],"(\u03b2":[89,97,107,121],"=":[90,98,108,111,122,125],".321,":[91],"p":[92,100,110,124],"<":[93,101],".001).":[94],"Subjective":[95],"Norm":[96],".216,":[99],".001)":[102,112],"and":[103,164,171],"Behavioural":[105],"Control":[106],".173,":[109],"also":[114],"significant,":[115],"whereas":[116],"was":[119],"\u2212.010,":[123],".837).":[126],"evidence":[128],"supports":[130],"three":[132],"original":[133],"TPB":[134],"determinants":[135],"post-enforcement":[138],"context":[139],"but":[140],"show":[143],"additional":[145],"direct":[146],"contribution":[147],"Risk.":[150],"findings":[152],"provide":[153],"behavioural":[155],"explanation":[156],"continued":[158],"patronage":[160],"action":[163],"suggest":[165],"that":[166],"customer":[167,181],"evaluation,":[168],"social":[169],"influence,":[170],"perceived":[172],"control":[173],"remain":[174],"relevant":[175],"when":[176],"operators":[177],"seek":[178],"to":[179],"recover":[180],"confidence.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}