{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225458425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61445/d2jce346","title":"Termination of Employment on Urgent Grounds Is Void by Operation of Law if Not Clearly and Explicitly Stipulated in Company Regulations or Collective Labor Agreements for Violating the Presumption of Innocence","display_name":"Termination of Employment on Urgent Grounds Is Void by Operation of Law if Not Clearly and Explicitly Stipulated in Company Regulations or Collective Labor Agreements for Violating the Presumption of Innocence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225458425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61445/d2jce346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.tofedu.or.id:article/2402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61445/d2jce346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/index/article/view/2402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292644","display_name":"TOFEDU The Future of Education Journal","issn_l":"2961-7553","issn":["2961-7553","2963-8135"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.61445/95c25s25","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/index/article/view/2402","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005965015","display_name":"Endang Surya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Surya, Endang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005965015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14291","display_name":"Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14291","display_name":"Indonesian Legal and Regulatory Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/termination-of-employment","display_name":"dismissal","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presumption-of-innocence","display_name":"presumption of innocence","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/company-regulations","display_name":"company regulations","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-bargaining-agreement","display_name":"collective agreements","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-regulation-no-35-of-2021","display_name":"Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equality-before-the-law","display_name":"equality before the law","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workers-rights","display_name":"workers' rights","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesian-labor-law","display_name":"Indonesian labor law","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779878133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275462","display_name":"Presumption of innocence","level":2,"score":0.8828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780253743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132382","display_name":"Presumption","level":2,"score":0.7986999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.6085000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777886440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916459","display_name":"Plea","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780219900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331848","display_name":"Judicial interpretation","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504631918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152074","display_name":"Bankruptcy","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778726998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7773068","display_name":"The Void","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776283789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2905670","display_name":"Reasonable doubt","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777451423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629962","display_name":"Arbitrariness","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60961049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379693","display_name":"Deportation","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49094488","display_name":"Legal certainty","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10144844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628967","display_name":"Labour law","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.tofedu.or.id:article/2402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61445/d2jce346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/index/article/view/2402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292644","display_name":"TOFEDU The Future of Education Journal","issn_l":"2961-7553","issn":["2961-7553","2963-8135"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.61445/95c25s25","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.journal.tofedu.or.id:article/2402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61445/d2jce346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journal.tofedu.or.id/index.php/index/article/view/2402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387292644","display_name":"TOFEDU The Future of Education Journal","issn_l":"2961-7553","issn":["2961-7553","2963-8135"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.61445/95c25s25","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411775588","https://openalex.org/W4415236538","https://openalex.org/W7218235636","https://openalex.org/W4414125406","https://openalex.org/W4390894550","https://openalex.org/W7032997378","https://openalex.org/W7135665948","https://openalex.org/W4413877347","https://openalex.org/W7217301149","https://openalex.org/W7219626621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Termination":[0],"of":[1,7,45,50,55,57,73,78,90,102,110,142,153,162,182,196,199,204,233,251],"employment":[2,58],"(PHK)":[3],"on":[4,193],"the":[5,28,31,53,66,71,76,81,88,100,108,111,115,140,143,146,150,160,180,194,202,231,249],"grounds":[6,15],"urgent":[8,61,94],"violations":[9],"raises":[10],"legal":[11,127],"issues":[12],"when":[13],"such":[14],"are":[16,33],"not":[17,171,187],"clearly":[18],"formulated":[19],"in":[20,209],"company":[21,224],"regulations":[22,225],"or":[23,226],"collective":[24,227],"labor":[25,228],"agreements,":[26],"while":[27],"accusations":[29,169],"against":[30],"employee":[32],"related":[34],"to":[35,60,68,86,93,216],"actions":[36],"classified":[37],"as":[38,174],"criminal":[39,168],"offenses.":[40],"Article":[41,154],"52":[42,155],"paragraph":[43,156],"(2)":[44,157],"Government":[46],"Regulation":[47],"Number":[48],"35":[49],"2021":[51],"opens":[52,159],"possibility":[54],"termination":[56,91,116],"due":[59,92],"violations,":[62,200],"but":[63,190],"it":[64,213],"has":[65],"potential":[67],"conflict":[69],"with":[70,99,129,230],"presumption":[72,101,250],"innocence":[74,103],"and":[75,105,118,132,158,178,201,206,220,242],"principle":[77],"equality":[79],"before":[80],"law.":[82,121],"This":[83,122],"research":[84,123,136],"aims":[85],"analyze":[87],"regulation":[89],"reasons,":[95],"examine":[96],"its":[97],"relationship":[98],"principle,":[104],"assess":[106],"whether":[107],"ambiguity":[109,141],"clause":[112,144],"can":[113],"render":[114],"null":[117],"void":[119],"by":[120,165,184],"uses":[124],"a":[125],"normative":[126],"method":[128],"legislative,":[130],"conceptual,":[131],"case":[133],"approaches.":[134],"The":[135],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139,167,179,247],"weakens":[145],"basis":[147,195],"for":[148],"using":[149,237],"special":[151],"mechanism":[152],"risk":[161],"unilateral":[163],"interpretation":[164],"employers,":[166],"should":[170],"be":[172],"treated":[173],"facts":[175],"until":[176],"proven,":[177],"conclusion":[181],"nullity":[183],"law":[185],"does":[186],"apply":[188],"automatically,":[189],"rather":[191],"depends":[192],"norms,":[197],"proof":[198],"fulfillment":[203],"procedures":[205],"workers'":[207],"rights":[208],"concrete":[210],"cases.":[211],"Therefore,":[212],"is":[214],"necessary":[215],"formulate":[217],"clear,":[218],"transparent,":[219],"measurable":[221],"clauses,":[222],"record":[223],"agreements":[229],"Department":[232],"Manpower,":[234],"calculate":[235],"losses":[236],"legally":[238],"recognized":[239],"public":[240],"instruments,":[241],"ensure":[243],"fair":[244],"judicial":[245],"reasoning":[246],"upholds":[248],"innocence.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}