{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225457162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","title":"A soil moisture estimation model based on Stacking of decision trees and its evaluation over China","display_name":"A soil moisture estimation model based on Stacking of decision trees and its evaluation over China","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225457162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898247721","display_name":"Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies","issn_l":"2214-5818","issn":["2214-5818"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161196742","display_name":"Sha Sha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161185108","display_name":"Die Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Die Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161157809","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140357066","display_name":"Lijuan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271745","display_name":"Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykthk30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161159690","display_name":"Xiaoyu Jiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271745","display_name":"Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykthk30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124006751","display_name":"Jianshun Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271745","display_name":"Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykthk30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianshun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161233092","display_name":"Teng Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271745","display_name":"Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykthk30","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Drought Climate Change and Disaster Reduction, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5140357066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092","https://openalex.org/I4405271745"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":null,"first_page":"104163","last_page":"104163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-moisture-retrieval","display_name":"soil moisture retrieval","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking-ensemble","display_name":"stacking ensemble","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpm-precipitation","display_name":"GPM precipitation","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cubist","display_name":"Cubist","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bagging","display_name":"bagging","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-attribution","display_name":"SHAP feature attribution","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-arid-region","display_name":"semi-arid region","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought","display_name":"drought","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-early-warning","display_name":"drought early warning","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topography","display_name":"topography","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-texture","display_name":"soil texture","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatic-gradient","display_name":"climate gradients","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158960510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Relative humidity","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898247721","display_name":"Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies","issn_l":"2214-5818","issn":["2214-5818"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fdea5bcaaf4a4e2e8261232467516b26","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fdea5bcaaf4a4e2e8261232467516b26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, Vol 68, Iss , Pp 104163- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.104163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898247721","display_name":"Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies","issn_l":"2214-5818","issn":["2214-5818"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.685699999332428,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.4390000104904175,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322880","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2028979033","https://openalex.org/W2108564811","https://openalex.org/W2125103457","https://openalex.org/W2171932819","https://openalex.org/W2188200382","https://openalex.org/W2776721746","https://openalex.org/W2795584174","https://openalex.org/W2796454944","https://openalex.org/W2805795073","https://openalex.org/W2887487187","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W2914369697","https://openalex.org/W2914689375","https://openalex.org/W3103753913","https://openalex.org/W3139422170","https://openalex.org/W4283691751","https://openalex.org/W4310723575","https://openalex.org/W4362584849","https://openalex.org/W4378528706","https://openalex.org/W4386223583","https://openalex.org/W4387675670","https://openalex.org/W4405595841","https://openalex.org/W4406380161","https://openalex.org/W4413102631","https://openalex.org/W6929805168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200334776","https://openalex.org/W3094313460","https://openalex.org/W2058874706","https://openalex.org/W2029421282","https://openalex.org/W4285603406","https://openalex.org/W4378528706","https://openalex.org/W1738135291","https://openalex.org/W3016761421","https://openalex.org/W3118292258","https://openalex.org/W4387179561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Study":[0,16],"region":[1,81],"This":[2],"study":[3],"focuses":[4],"on":[5,188],"mainland":[6],"China,":[7],"spanning":[8],"arid,":[9],"semi-arid,":[10],"semi-humid,":[11],"and":[12,34,59,68,88,149],"humid":[13,108],"climatic":[14,94,193],"zones.":[15],"focus":[17],"A":[18],"Stacking":[19],"ensemble":[20],"model":[21,54,100,162],"integrating":[22],"CLDAS":[23],"land":[24],"data":[25],"assimilation":[26],"product,":[27],"AMSR2":[28],"microwave":[29],"soil":[30,44,150,165,189],"moisture,":[31],"GPM":[32],"precipitation,":[33],"static":[35,69,144],"environmental":[36,145],"variables":[37],"is":[38,140],"developed":[39],"to":[40],"estimate":[41],"pentad-scale":[42],"relative":[43],"moisture":[45,103,139,166,190],"(RSM)":[46],"at":[47],"a":[48,171],"0.1\u00b0":[49],"(~10":[50],"km)":[51],"resolution.":[52],"The":[53,64,82,113],"uses":[55],"Cubist,":[56],"Random":[57],"Forest,":[58],"Bagging":[60],"as":[61],"base":[62],"learners.":[63],"contributions":[65],"of":[66,138],"dynamic":[67],"features":[70],"are":[71],"quantified":[72],"via":[73],"SHAP":[74],"analysis.":[75],"New":[76],"hydrological":[77],"insights":[78,182],"for":[79,174],"the":[80,99,122,135,161,184],"estimations":[83],"reveal":[84],"pronounced":[85],"spatial":[86,132,136],"variations":[87],"systematic":[89],"bias":[90,119],"patterns":[91],"across":[92,191],"China's":[93],"gradients.":[95,194],"In":[96],"semi-arid":[97],"regions,":[98],"systematically":[101],"underestimates":[102],"(BIAS":[104,167],"=":[105,127,168],"\u22123.35%),":[106],"whereas":[107],"regions":[109],"exhibit":[110],"overestimation":[111],"(+1.81%).":[112],"semi-humid":[114],"transitional":[115],"zone":[116],"shows":[117],"negligible":[118],"(\u22120.31%)":[120],"but":[121],"highest":[123],"random":[124],"error":[125],"(RMSE":[126],"18.62%),":[128],"driven":[129],"by":[130],"localized":[131],"heterogeneity.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"distribution":[137],"closely":[141],"associated":[142],"with":[143],"features,":[146],"particularly":[147],"topography":[148],"texture,":[151],"through":[152],"their":[153],"interactions.":[154],"Under":[155],"severe":[156],"drought":[157,176],"(RSM":[158],"<":[159],"30%),":[160],"substantially":[163],"overestimates":[164],"+17.48%),":[169],"posing":[170],"critical":[172],"limitation":[173],"operational":[175],"warning.":[177],"These":[178],"findings":[179],"provide":[180],"quantitative":[181],"into":[183],"varying":[185],"dominant":[186],"controls":[187],"diverse":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}