{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225453306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","title":"Pediatric post-traumatic epilepsy: A retrospective analysis of frequency, risk factors and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury","display_name":"Pediatric post-traumatic epilepsy: A retrospective analysis of frequency, risk factors and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225453306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","pdf_url":"https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/download/21152/11763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83180243","display_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"1681-715X","issn":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319271","host_organization_name":"Professional Medical Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319271"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Professional Medical Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/download/21152/11763","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053592383","display_name":"Asad Iftikhar Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3784-6997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3784-6997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254933","display_name":"Punjab Institute of Neurosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dha3k90","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Iftikhar Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Registrar, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3784-6997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Registrar, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114004624","display_name":"Hassaan Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8091-477X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8091-477X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254933","display_name":"Punjab Institute of Neurosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dha3k90","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassaan Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8091-477X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026333782","display_name":"Omair Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3744-0059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3744-0059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254933","display_name":"Punjab Institute of Neurosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dha3k90","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omair Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3744-0059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665970","display_name":"Usman Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2560-4555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2560-4555","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8203-8170"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254933","display_name":"Punjab Institute of Neurosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dha3k90","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2560-4555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114240031","display_name":"S. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2344-4774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2344-4774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254933","display_name":"Punjab Institute of Neurosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02dha3k90","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Shahzad Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2344-4774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Unit-II, Punjab Institute of Neurosciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254933"],"apc_list":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"apc_paid":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"fwci":3.1664,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84712935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"11","first_page":"3211","last_page":"3217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8676999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8676999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.08349999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.039000000804662704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-traumatic-epilepsy","display_name":"post-traumatic epilepsy","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"pediatric traumatic brain injury","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence","display_name":"incidence","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-epilepticus","display_name":"status epilepticus","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraparenchymal-hemorrhage","display_name":"intraparenchymal hemorrhage","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/midline-shift","display_name":"midline shift","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-deficit","display_name":"neurological deficit","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"cognitive impairment","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-impairment","display_name":"motor impairment","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injury-severity","display_name":"injury severity","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.7196999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6546000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5443999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190892606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3512464","display_name":"Radiological weapon","level":2,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81182388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353963","display_name":"Complication","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","pdf_url":"https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/download/21152/11763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83180243","display_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"1681-715X","issn":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319271","host_organization_name":"Professional Medical Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319271"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Professional Medical Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.42.11.21152","pdf_url":"https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/download/21152/11763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83180243","display_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"1681-715X","issn":["1681-715X","1682-024X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319271","host_organization_name":"Professional Medical Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319271"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Professional Medical Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225453306.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225453306.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991838553","https://openalex.org/W1997807756","https://openalex.org/W2003242435","https://openalex.org/W2004937869","https://openalex.org/W2080983407","https://openalex.org/W2087412997","https://openalex.org/W2570560022","https://openalex.org/W2600402820","https://openalex.org/W2801625478","https://openalex.org/W3132429707","https://openalex.org/W4248307879","https://openalex.org/W4390460547","https://openalex.org/W4396977009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390460547","https://openalex.org/W4292714594","https://openalex.org/W2610461208","https://openalex.org/W2997481953","https://openalex.org/W7217095520","https://openalex.org/W3208592555","https://openalex.org/W3013166290","https://openalex.org/W2086241492","https://openalex.org/W2891107876","https://openalex.org/W4220656025"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,24,36,56,61,97,108,133,187,240,264,268,278],"Objective:":[2],"Post-traumatic":[3],"epilepsy":[4],"(PTE)":[5],"is":[6,269],"a":[7,252],"substantial":[8],"complication":[9],"of":[10,39,50,77,82,141,172,222,255,275],"pediatric":[11],"traumatic":[12],"brain":[13],"injury":[14,101],"(TBI)":[15],"that":[16],"has":[17],"the":[18,33,48,75,168,200,282,287],"potential":[19],"to":[20],"have":[21],"long-term":[22],"neurologic":[23],"functional":[25],"consequences.":[26],"However,":[27],"local":[28],"data":[29],"are":[30],"scarce":[31],"on":[32],"frequency,":[34],"indicators,":[35],"clinical":[37,59],"outcomes":[38,60],"PTE":[40,51,112,145,173,218,250],"in":[41,43,161,295],"children":[42,53,70,90,142,228,256],"Pakistan.":[44,85],"This":[45,64,152],"study":[46,67,87],"ascertained":[47],"incidence":[49],"among":[52],"after":[54,126,197],"TBI":[55,72,93,156],"assessed":[57],"related":[58],"predictors.":[62],"Methodology:":[63],"retrospective":[65],"cohort":[66,88],"included":[68],"254":[69],"with":[71,155,217,261,271],"managed":[73],"at":[74],"Department":[76],"Neurosurgery,":[78],"Unit-II,":[79],"Punjab":[80],"Institute":[81],"Neurosciences":[83],"Lahore,":[84],"The":[86,139],"comprised":[89],"who":[91,143],"sustained":[92],"between":[94],"May":[95,98],"2023":[96],"2026.":[99],"Demographics,":[100],"characteristics,":[102],"early":[103,265],"post-traumatic":[104,165,266],"seizures,":[105,267],"radiological":[106],"findings,":[107],"interventions":[109],"were":[110,129,167,190],"collected.":[111],"was":[113,146],"defined":[114],"as":[115,211,291],"two":[116],"or":[117],"more":[118,122],"unprovoked":[119],"seizures":[120,166],"occurring":[121],"than":[123,214],"seven":[124],"days":[125],"injury.":[127],"Predictors":[128],"identified":[130,288],"using":[131],"bivariate":[132],"multivariable":[134,206,289],"logistic":[135],"regression":[136],"analyses.":[137],"Results:":[138],"proportion":[140,153,254],"developed":[144],"13.8%":[147],"(35),":[148],"95%":[149,177],"CI":[150,178],"10.1\u201318.6%.":[151],"increased":[154],"severity,":[157],"reaching":[158],"24.1%":[159],"(19)":[160],"severe":[162,262],"cases.":[163],"Early":[164],"strongest":[169],"independent":[170],"predictor":[171],"(adjusted":[174],"OR":[175],"2.81;":[176],"1.18\u20136.69;":[179],"p":[180],"=":[181],"0.020).":[182],"Status":[183],"epilepticus,":[184],"intraparenchymal":[185],"hemorrhage,":[186],"midline":[188],"shift":[189],"positively":[191],"associated":[192,270],"but":[193],"not":[194],"statistically":[195],"significant":[196,253],"adjustment;":[198],"given":[199],"model's":[201],"limited":[202,283],"events-per-variable":[203,284],"ratio,":[204,285],"these":[205],"findings":[207],"should":[208],"be":[209],"regarded":[210],"exploratory":[212,292],"rather":[213],"confirmatory.":[215],"Children":[216],"demonstrated":[219],"higher":[220,273],"rates":[221,274],"neurological":[223],"deficit,":[224],"68.6%":[225],"(24)":[226],"vs":[227,237,245],"without":[229],"PTE,":[230],"23.3%":[231],"(51),":[232],"cognitive":[233],"impairment,":[234],"65.7%":[235],"(23)":[236],"18.7%":[238],"(41),":[239],"motor":[241,279],"disability":[242],"37.1%":[243],"(13)":[244],"11.0%":[246],"(24),":[247],"respectively.":[248],"Conclusion:":[249],"affects":[251],"following":[257],"TBI,":[258],"particularly":[259],"those":[260],"injuries":[263],"substantially":[272],"neurological,":[276],"cognitive,":[277],"impairment.":[280],"Given":[281],"treat":[286],"predictors":[290],"until":[293],"validation":[294],"larger":[296],"prospective":[297],"cohorts.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}