{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225453161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","title":"Protection of Prisoners\u2019 Rights to Humane Treatment in Tanzania: Examining the Legal and Practical Barriers to Compliance with International Standards","display_name":"Protection of Prisoners\u2019 Rights to Humane Treatment in Tanzania: Examining the Legal and Practical Barriers to Compliance with International Standards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225453161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajle/article/download/6216/6510","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210167778","display_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","issn_l":"2707-532X","issn":["2707-532X","2707-5338"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajle/article/download/6216/6510","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161190938","display_name":"Maria Leonard Mwakibete","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maria Leonard Mwakibete","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Iringa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Iringa","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161190938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"551","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.46000000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.46000000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.20559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.133200004696846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoners-rights","display_name":"prisoners' rights","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humane-treatment-of-prisoners","display_name":"humane treatment of prisoners","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-human-rights-norms","display_name":"international human rights standards","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-law","display_name":"prison law","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-overcrowding","display_name":"prison overcrowding","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torture","display_name":"torture","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporal-punishment","display_name":"corporal punishment","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-rehabilitation","display_name":"prison rehabilitation","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.7312999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.6718000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544040105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132781","display_name":"Torture","level":3,"score":0.6611999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780838233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836925","display_name":"Complaint","level":2,"score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.5946000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778447849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Obligation","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86615163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147615","display_name":"International human rights law","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95691615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237872","display_name":"Fundamental rights","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777107957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2648051","display_name":"Moral obligation","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181907467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027869","display_name":"Human services","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajle/article/download/6216/6510","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210167778","display_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","issn_l":"2707-532X","issn":["2707-532X","2707-5338"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajle.9.4.6216","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajle/article/download/6216/6510","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210167778","display_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","issn_l":"2707-532X","issn":["2707-532X","2707-5338"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Law and Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225453161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225453161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7013058891","https://openalex.org/W2236340622","https://openalex.org/W2117718259","https://openalex.org/W4238924464","https://openalex.org/W7155587923","https://openalex.org/W2908646081","https://openalex.org/W7116767013","https://openalex.org/W7092286983","https://openalex.org/W7220029223","https://openalex.org/W2932455940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,62,82,107,148],"protection":[1,55],"of":[2,56,101,144,153,160,166,169,177],"prisoners\u2019":[3,57,112],"rights":[4,17,58,139],"to":[5,46,59,156,164,188,192],"humane":[6,60,194],"treatment":[7,195],"constitutes":[8],"a":[9,94,111,117],"fundamental":[10],"obligation":[11],"for":[12,120,173],"Tanzania":[13,29],"under":[14],"international":[15],"human":[16,134,138],"law.":[18],"Despite":[19],"the":[20,41,50,54,86,90,99,124,142,145,154,158,161,181],"existing":[21],"obligation,":[22],"different":[23],"literature":[24],"reveals":[25],"that":[26,85,97],"prisoners":[27,174],"in":[28,70,123,129,196],"experience":[30],"physical":[31],"abuse,":[32],"torture":[33],"and":[34,43,67,78,103,116,133,136,175,199],"poor":[35],"living":[36],"conditions.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39,83],"examines":[40],"legal":[42],"practical":[44],"barriers":[45],"Tanzania\u2019s":[47],"compliance":[48],"with":[49],"International":[51,146],"Standards":[52],"on":[53],"treatment.":[61],"study":[63,149],"employed":[64],"both":[65],"documentary":[66],"empirical":[68],"methods":[69],"collecting":[71],"data,":[72],"which":[73],"were":[74],"analysed":[75],"through":[76],"content":[77],"thematic":[79],"analysis,":[80],"respectively.":[81],"found":[84],"prison":[87,91,125,162],"laws":[88,155],"institutionalise":[89],"service":[92,163],"as":[93],"military-oriented":[95],"body":[96],"emphasises":[98],"use":[100],"force":[102],"punishment":[104],"than":[105],"rehabilitation.":[106],"law":[108],"also":[109],"lacks":[110],"impartial":[113],"complaint":[114,171],"mechanism":[115],"stable":[118],"institution":[119],"ensuring":[121],"accountability":[122],"service.":[126],"Practically,":[127,180],"overcrowding":[128],"prisons,":[130],"inadequate":[131],"financial":[132],"resources":[135],"insufficient":[137],"training":[140],"impede":[141],"implementation":[143],"Standards.":[147],"recommends":[150],"an":[151],"amendment":[152],"transform":[157],"philosophy":[159],"reformation":[165],"prisoners,":[167],"establishment":[168],"fair":[170],"procedures":[172],"abolition":[176],"corporal":[178],"punishments.":[179],"government":[182],"should":[183],"strengthen":[184],"its":[185],"political":[186],"will":[187],"allocate":[189],"enough":[190],"budget":[191],"ensure":[193],"health":[197],"services":[198],"accommodation":[200],"facilities.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}