{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225449018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","title":"Experimental evaluation of vegetation fire risk to timber cladding: The effect of separation distance and wind velocity","display_name":"Experimental evaluation of vegetation fire risk to timber cladding: The effect of separation distance and wind velocity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225449018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/07349041261501967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68590195","display_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","issn_l":"0734-9041","issn":["0734-9041","1530-8049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066989006","display_name":"Mahmoud S. Waly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5482"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud S. Waly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5482","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040340508","display_name":"Maryam Ghodrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-5262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-5262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Ghodrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-5262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040340508","https://openalex.org/A5066989006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709116"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12102","display_name":"Fire effects on concrete materials","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timber-cladding","display_name":"timber cladding","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-fires","display_name":"vegetation fires","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flame-spread","display_name":"flame spread","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separation-distance","display_name":"separation distance","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"wind speed","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-heat-flux","display_name":"radiative heat flux","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-heat-flux","display_name":"convective heat flux","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flame-lift-off","display_name":"flame lift-off","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defensible-space","display_name":"defensible space","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wall-temperature","display_name":"wall temperature","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.7498999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100086909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010","display_name":"Wind tunnel","level":2,"score":0.6256999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168068576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190241","display_name":"Thermocouple","level":2,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82930556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457177","display_name":"Flame spread","level":3,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36456112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288064","display_name":"Cladding (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197554733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909060","display_name":"Adiabatic flame temperature","level":4,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018944256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192593","display_name":"Radiant heat","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89394759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192593","display_name":"Thermal radiation","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143050476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194502","display_name":"Sink (geography)","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95082708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931037","display_name":"Crosswind","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127882809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175029","display_name":"Anemometer","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32957820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215108","display_name":"Microclimate","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/07349041261501967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68590195","display_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","issn_l":"0734-9041","issn":["0734-9041","1530-8049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/07349041261501967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07349041261501967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68590195","display_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","issn_l":"0734-9041","issn":["0734-9041","1530-8049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556000061","https://openalex.org/W1585964390","https://openalex.org/W1904975952","https://openalex.org/W1965471254","https://openalex.org/W1975295389","https://openalex.org/W1981094012","https://openalex.org/W2004166683","https://openalex.org/W2013123542","https://openalex.org/W2028261383","https://openalex.org/W2039774631","https://openalex.org/W2061043053","https://openalex.org/W2063976525","https://openalex.org/W2078531993","https://openalex.org/W2087331456","https://openalex.org/W2093156872","https://openalex.org/W2136568677","https://openalex.org/W2161267299","https://openalex.org/W2225872257","https://openalex.org/W2230681839","https://openalex.org/W2336940780","https://openalex.org/W2405365526","https://openalex.org/W2528233124","https://openalex.org/W2551152607","https://openalex.org/W2551251443","https://openalex.org/W2570540262","https://openalex.org/W2753962851","https://openalex.org/W2768269577","https://openalex.org/W2792659088","https://openalex.org/W2886118567","https://openalex.org/W2898801287","https://openalex.org/W2901618116","https://openalex.org/W2946234244","https://openalex.org/W2953675361","https://openalex.org/W2954565718","https://openalex.org/W2966784548","https://openalex.org/W2982105679","https://openalex.org/W2986056682","https://openalex.org/W2991390514","https://openalex.org/W2991524458","https://openalex.org/W3023908216","https://openalex.org/W3023935759","https://openalex.org/W3023971116","https://openalex.org/W3042169676","https://openalex.org/W3159126460","https://openalex.org/W3162979128","https://openalex.org/W3163036124","https://openalex.org/W3163656938","https://openalex.org/W3169227686","https://openalex.org/W3187837622","https://openalex.org/W3203638246","https://openalex.org/W4225117377","https://openalex.org/W4280581721","https://openalex.org/W4361853997","https://openalex.org/W4386192464","https://openalex.org/W4388490530","https://openalex.org/W4390227801","https://openalex.org/W4400743380","https://openalex.org/W4408361325","https://openalex.org/W4410748493","https://openalex.org/W7134114351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386888637","https://openalex.org/W7204817759","https://openalex.org/W7203899211","https://openalex.org/W7117880942","https://openalex.org/W4386951434","https://openalex.org/W7107961616","https://openalex.org/W4387490880","https://openalex.org/W3203579216","https://openalex.org/W4415155739","https://openalex.org/W4402035471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timber":[0],"cladding":[1],"is":[2],"increasingly":[3],"used":[4,42],"for":[5,122,129,206],"environmental":[6],"and":[7,29,47,55,58,64,73,81,98,109,125,138,152,169,177,202],"architectural":[8],"reasons,":[9],"yet":[10],"its":[11],"response":[12,68],"to":[13,37,106,148,154,164],"nearby":[14],"vegetation":[15,35],"fires":[16],"remains":[17],"insufficiently":[18],"quantified,":[19],"particularly":[20],"under":[21,187],"wind-driven":[22],"exposure.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25],"examined":[26],"flame":[27,104,160],"spread":[28],"fa\u00e7ade":[30,92,194],"heating":[31],"from":[32],"burning":[33],"wood-wool":[34],"adjacent":[36],"a":[38],"timber-clad":[39],"wall.":[40],"Experiments":[41],"fuel":[43],"loads":[44],"of":[45,52,61,118,135],"1":[46,123],"2":[48,63,121,128,130,151,168],"kg,":[49,131],"separation":[50,101],"distances":[51],"0,":[53,62],"30":[54,141],"50":[56,158],"cm,":[57,142,159],"wind":[59,189],"velocities":[60],"5":[65],"m/s.":[66],"Wall":[67],"was":[69],"measured":[70],"using":[71],"total":[72,115],"radiative":[74],"heat-flux":[75],"gauges":[76],"at":[77,157],"0.4":[78],"m":[79],"height":[80],"five":[82],"Type":[83],"K":[84],"thermocouples":[85],"along":[86],"the":[87,103,107,191],"centerline.":[88],"Separation":[89],"distance":[90],"dominated":[91],"thermal":[93],"demand.":[94],"Under":[95],"ambient":[96],"conditions":[97],"0":[99],"cm":[100],"distance,":[102],"attached":[105],"wall":[108,133],"convection-dominated":[110],"loading":[111],"occurred,":[112],"with":[113],"peak":[114],"heat":[116,146],"fluxes":[117],"24":[119],"kW/m":[120,127,150,167],"kg":[124],"35":[126],"producing":[132],"temperatures":[134,153],"about":[136,165],"260\u00b0C":[137],"290\u00b0C.":[139],"At":[140],"luminous":[143],"stand-off":[144],"reduced":[145,172,178,199],"flux":[147],"14":[149],"130\u00b0C\u2013160\u00b0C,":[155],"while":[156],"detachment":[161],"limited":[162],"exposure":[163],"6":[166],"60\u00b0C\u201380\u00b0C.":[170],"Wind":[171],"wall-residence":[173],"time,":[174],"promoted":[175],"lift-off":[176],"low-height":[179],"temperature":[180],"peaks":[181],"by":[182],"30%\u201360%.":[183],"Overall,":[184],"small":[185],"setbacks":[186],"low":[188],"produced":[190],"most":[192],"hazardous":[193],"exposure,":[195],"whereas":[196],"larger":[197],"clearances":[198],"convective":[200],"impingement":[201],"supported":[203],"defensible-space":[204],"guidance":[205],"fa\u00e7ades.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-08T00:00:00"}