{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225429282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","title":"An inconsistent scaling relationship between tail length and hindwing area among five species (and one subspecies) of European butterfly (Order: Lepidoptera)","display_name":"An inconsistent scaling relationship between tail length and hindwing area among five species (and one subspecies) of European butterfly (Order: Lepidoptera)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225429282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-78966-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-78966-5_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161039705","display_name":"Jayde A. Broadbent","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayde A. Broadbent","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060549695","display_name":"Robert L. Nudds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7627-6324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7627-6324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert L. Nudds","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060549695"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11974","display_name":"Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11974","display_name":"Lepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tail-length","display_name":"tail length","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allometry","display_name":"allometry","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-size-scaling","display_name":"body size scaling","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-selection","display_name":"sexual selection","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/papilio-machaon","display_name":"Papilio machaon","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thecla-betulae","display_name":"Thecla betulae","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lampides-boeticus","display_name":"Lampides boeticus","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iphiclides-podalirius","display_name":"Iphiclides podalirius","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lepidoptera","display_name":"Lepidoptera","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1018085","display_name":"Butterfly","level":2,"score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5878999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7863114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192627","display_name":"Mimicry","level":2,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51738704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5766112","display_name":"Hindlimb","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13393347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8424","display_name":"Aerodynamics","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153026981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519888","display_name":"Allometry","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177756618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6527674","display_name":"Lepidoptera genitalia","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96857902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138108","display_name":"Predator","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-78966-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-78966-5","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-78966-5_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225429282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225429282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1913457503","https://openalex.org/W2000592751","https://openalex.org/W2028869785","https://openalex.org/W2065102376","https://openalex.org/W2072073922","https://openalex.org/W2073453984","https://openalex.org/W2080542008","https://openalex.org/W2081245931","https://openalex.org/W2141047310","https://openalex.org/W2565759971","https://openalex.org/W2955616880","https://openalex.org/W2963117811","https://openalex.org/W3014406242","https://openalex.org/W4411721712","https://openalex.org/W7124731554"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138031972","https://openalex.org/W7165516921","https://openalex.org/W1951112426","https://openalex.org/W3014406242","https://openalex.org/W4281484902","https://openalex.org/W2312800766","https://openalex.org/W7211872931","https://openalex.org/W2312307930","https://openalex.org/W4411721712","https://openalex.org/W2463637930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,191],"function":[2],"of":[3,37,214],"butterfly":[4,100],"hindwing":[5,46],"tails,":[6],"narrow":[7],"protuberances":[8],"on":[9],"the":[10,21,103,126,185,212],"hindwing\u2019s":[11],"trailing":[12],"edge,":[13],"is":[14,42,210],"usually":[15],"attributed":[16],"to":[17,23,43,64,78],"predator":[18],"evasion":[19],"(mimicking":[20],"head":[22],"divert":[24],"attacks":[25],"away":[26],"from":[27,163],"vital":[28],"body":[29,55],"parts),":[30],"or":[31,69],"an":[32],"aerodynamic":[33,71,97,223],"function.":[34],"One":[35],"way":[36],"investigating":[38],"these":[39],"alternative":[40],"hypotheses":[41],"determine":[44],"how":[45],"tail":[47,51,77,86,119,131,183,195,209],"length":[48],"(":[49,84,140],"L":[50,76,85,118,130,182,194,208],")":[52,160],"scales":[53],"with":[54,81],"size":[56,215],"(hindwing":[57],"area,":[58],"A":[59,82,88,121,133,197],"hind":[60,83,89,122,134,198],").":[61],"If":[62,102],"evolved":[63],"mimic":[65],"a":[66],"false":[67],"head,":[68],"for":[70,108],"performance,":[72],"we":[73,112],"would":[74,113],"expect":[75,114],"scale":[79],"isometrically":[80],"\u221d":[87],"1/2":[90],"),":[91],"indicating":[92],"relative":[93],"similar":[94],"mimicry":[95],"and":[96,120,132,156,196,202,222],"effects":[98],"across":[99],"sizes.":[101],"anti-predator":[104,220],"stimulus":[105],"was":[106,135],"optimised":[107],"one":[109],"signal":[110],"size,":[111],"no":[115,178],"relationship":[116,128],"between":[117,129,193,219],".":[123],"Accordingly,":[124],"here,":[125],"scaling":[127,170,192],"determined":[136],"in":[137,169,180,184,188,205,227],"six":[138],"species":[139,186,207,229],"Thecla":[141],"betulae":[142],",":[143,146,149,152],"Favonius":[144],"quercus":[145],"Lampides":[147],"boeticus":[148],"Iphiclides":[150],"podalirius":[151],"Papilio":[153,157],"machaon":[154,158],"gorganus":[155],"britannicus":[159],"using":[161],"measurements":[162],"museum":[164],"specimens.":[165],"No":[166],"sex-specific":[167],"differences":[168],"patterns":[171],"were":[172],"found,":[173],"suggesting":[174],"sexual":[175],"selection":[176],"plays":[177],"role":[179],"driving":[181],"investigated":[187],"this":[189],"study.":[190],"differed":[199],"among":[200],"species,":[201],"implied":[203],"that":[204],"some":[206],"likely":[211],"result":[213],"dependent":[216],"trade-offs,":[217],"possibly":[218],"effectiveness":[221],"costs,":[224],"which":[225],"are,":[226],"turn,":[228],"specific.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
