{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225428894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","title":"Review of Pion and Nucleon Gluon Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD","display_name":"Review of Pion and Nucleon Gluon Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225428894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/particles9040104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217548","display_name":"Particles","issn_l":"2571-712X","issn":["2571-712X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Particles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032873828","display_name":"W. Good","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-1003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-1003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Good","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-1003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101725765","display_name":"Huey-Wen Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-944X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-944X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0899-3866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huey-Wen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-944X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032873828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"104","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10527","display_name":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gluon-parton-distribution-functions","display_name":"gluon parton distribution functions","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleon-structure","display_name":"nucleon structure","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pion-structure","display_name":"pion structure","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-momentum-effective-theory","display_name":"large-momentum effective theory","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bjorken-x-dependence","display_name":"Bjorken x dependence","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadron-structure","display_name":"hadron structure","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-chromodynamics","display_name":"QCD","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-qcd","display_name":"lattice QCD","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180566339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117483","display_name":"Parton","level":3,"score":0.9151999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123579102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299","display_name":"Gluon","level":3,"score":0.8234999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8141999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.7754999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117137515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238170","display_name":"Quantum chromodynamics","level":2,"score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3909970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6166044","display_name":"Lattice QCD","level":3,"score":0.7006000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101583263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1748985","display_name":"Pseudoscalar","level":3,"score":0.637499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172695262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102165","display_name":"Nucleon","level":2,"score":0.59170001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2292967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733096","display_name":"Quark\u2013gluon plasma","level":3,"score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42238305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370778","display_name":"Lattice field theory","level":3,"score":0.5461999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7602139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6718","display_name":"Quark","level":2,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206094082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4097","display_name":"Pion","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186603090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55505926","display_name":"Distribution function","level":2,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19694890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667","display_name":"Hadron","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98795603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505724","display_name":"Color confinement","level":3,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33374236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187846","display_name":"Photon structure function","level":4,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89473665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748917","display_name":"Deep inelastic scattering","level":4,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102999125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43116","display_name":"Elementary particle","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/particles9040104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217548","display_name":"Particles","issn_l":"2571-712X","issn":["2571-712X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Particles","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/particles9040104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9040104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217548","display_name":"Particles","issn_l":"2571-712X","issn":["2571-712X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Particles","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503983701","https://openalex.org/W1523567099","https://openalex.org/W1796954972","https://openalex.org/W1976275816","https://openalex.org/W1989210199","https://openalex.org/W1990667739","https://openalex.org/W2007363120","https://openalex.org/W2026804913","https://openalex.org/W2051599679","https://openalex.org/W2052224415","https://openalex.org/W2071463108","https://openalex.org/W2087352408","https://openalex.org/W2112859413","https://openalex.org/W2117686912","https://openalex.org/W2123610002","https://openalex.org/W2134147816","https://openalex.org/W2173503772","https://openalex.org/W2277576405","https://openalex.org/W2311607874","https://openalex.org/W2610604289","https://openalex.org/W2621084749","https://openalex.org/W2766863530","https://openalex.org/W2769260314","https://openalex.org/W2777977572","https://openalex.org/W2785770878","https://openalex.org/W2789615490","https://openalex.org/W2796244888","https://openalex.org/W2887809640","https://openalex.org/W2904695774","https://openalex.org/W2938330441","https://openalex.org/W2981419358","https://openalex.org/W2982340613","https://openalex.org/W2985952641","https://openalex.org/W2987209375","https://openalex.org/W2996124648","https://openalex.org/W3003134460","https://openalex.org/W3004530121","https://openalex.org/W3014757943","https://openalex.org/W3015625961","https://openalex.org/W3034265548","https://openalex.org/W3046448774","https://openalex.org/W3047640733","https://openalex.org/W3089475263","https://openalex.org/W3105302630","https://openalex.org/W3110095235","https://openalex.org/W3133061338","https://openalex.org/W3153676118","https://openalex.org/W3164667097","https://openalex.org/W3164751496","https://openalex.org/W3187004276","https://openalex.org/W3187313129","https://openalex.org/W3213599362","https://openalex.org/W4214488876","https://openalex.org/W4221162473","https://openalex.org/W4224278929","https://openalex.org/W4224283311","https://openalex.org/W4224862001","https://openalex.org/W4226108905","https://openalex.org/W4280587536","https://openalex.org/W4290838957","https://openalex.org/W4292998192","https://openalex.org/W4310163701","https://openalex.org/W4310509811","https://openalex.org/W4312108281","https://openalex.org/W4322759207","https://openalex.org/W4362576526","https://openalex.org/W4366487843","https://openalex.org/W4366771048","https://openalex.org/W4383822361","https://openalex.org/W4384156603","https://openalex.org/W4384826869","https://openalex.org/W4385703542","https://openalex.org/W4387461815","https://openalex.org/W4388032056","https://openalex.org/W4388462254","https://openalex.org/W4389135761","https://openalex.org/W4392237845","https://openalex.org/W4392428210","https://openalex.org/W4392952385","https://openalex.org/W4394800503","https://openalex.org/W4396791425","https://openalex.org/W4398782085","https://openalex.org/W4399533847","https://openalex.org/W4400187196","https://openalex.org/W4403458275","https://openalex.org/W4403700864","https://openalex.org/W4405172812","https://openalex.org/W4405369199","https://openalex.org/W4406032294","https://openalex.org/W4406206539","https://openalex.org/W4408274491","https://openalex.org/W4409431709","https://openalex.org/W4410234257","https://openalex.org/W4410288705","https://openalex.org/W4410485008","https://openalex.org/W4410740896","https://openalex.org/W4412403320","https://openalex.org/W4414241800","https://openalex.org/W4414264242","https://openalex.org/W4414581298","https://openalex.org/W4414891787","https://openalex.org/W4415137607","https://openalex.org/W4415166535","https://openalex.org/W4415947117","https://openalex.org/W4416001308","https://openalex.org/W4416808918","https://openalex.org/W4417178162","https://openalex.org/W7106103362","https://openalex.org/W7117369485","https://openalex.org/W7128818306","https://openalex.org/W7138853290","https://openalex.org/W7153211720","https://openalex.org/W7163053446","https://openalex.org/W7220669190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410740896","https://openalex.org/W3207590980","https://openalex.org/W4391261994","https://openalex.org/W2937452352","https://openalex.org/W3206013878","https://openalex.org/W3092389409","https://openalex.org/W2949191417","https://openalex.org/W4383336446","https://openalex.org/W2975771622","https://openalex.org/W2887809640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gluons":[0],"play":[1],"an":[2],"essential":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,38,138,163],"the":[6,22,35,69,76,89,92,102,105,116,124,142,151,171,177,187],"strong":[7],"interaction":[8],"that":[9],"binds":[10],"quarks":[11],"into":[12],"hadrons,":[13,146],"as":[14,115],"described":[15],"by":[16],"quantum":[17],"chromodynamics":[18],"(QCD).":[19],"Understanding":[20],"how":[21],"fundamental":[23],"dynamics":[24],"of":[25,34,61,68,79,91,95,126,129,141,145,150,167,182],"QCD":[26,165],"give":[27],"rise":[28],"to":[29],"hadron":[30],"structure":[31,78,144],"remains":[32,64],"one":[33],"outstanding":[36],"challenges":[37,71,189],"nuclear":[39],"and":[40,110,121,153,173,180,185,190],"particle":[41],"physics.":[42],"Parton":[43],"distribution":[44],"functions":[45],"(PDFs)":[46],"provide":[47],"a":[48,84],"successful":[49],"framework":[50],"for":[51],"describing":[52],"high-energy":[53],"scattering":[54],"processes":[55],"involving":[56],"hadrons.":[57,80],"However,":[58],"our":[59],"knowledge":[60],"gluon":[62,77,148,168],"PDFs":[63,96,149,169],"comparatively":[65],"limited":[66],"because":[67],"experimental":[70],"associated":[72],"with":[73],"directly":[74,97],"constraining":[75],"In":[81,156],"recent":[82,161],"years,":[83],"major":[85],"breakthrough":[86],"has":[87],"enabled":[88],"calculation":[90],"Bjorken-x":[93],"dependence":[94],"from":[98],"lattice":[99,127,164],"QCD.":[100],"Among":[101],"available":[103],"approaches,":[104],"large-momentum":[106],"effective":[107],"theory":[108],"(LaMET)":[109],"pseudo-PDF":[111,174],"frameworks":[112],"have":[113,122,134],"emerged":[114],"most":[117],"widely":[118],"used":[119],"methods":[120],"produced":[123],"majority":[125],"determinations":[128],"parton":[130],"distributions.":[131],"These":[132],"developments":[133],"sparked":[135],"rapid":[136],"progress":[137],"first-principles":[139],"studies":[140],"x-dependent":[143],"including":[147],"nucleon":[152],"pseudoscalar":[154],"mesons.":[155],"this":[157],"review,":[158],"we":[159],"summarize":[160],"advances":[162],"calculations":[166],"using":[170],"LaMET":[172],"methods,":[175],"discuss":[176],"current":[178],"status":[179],"impacts":[181],"these":[183],"developments,":[184],"highlight":[186],"remaining":[188],"future":[191],"opportunities.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}