{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225428681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","title":"Has the Motherhood Wage Penalty Declined? Changing Selection into Motherhood Across Cohorts in Japan","display_name":"Has the Motherhood Wage Penalty Declined? Changing Selection into Motherhood Across Cohorts in Japan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225428681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401238","display_name":"SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078613733","display_name":"Ryota Mugiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-5575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-5575"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryota Mugiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6157-5575","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078613733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10722","display_name":"Work-Family Balance Challenges","score":0.02539999969303608,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motherhood-penalty","display_name":"motherhood penalty","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-increases","display_name":"wage growth","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-differences","display_name":"cohort differences","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-policy","display_name":"family policy","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-norms","display_name":"gender norms","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-labor-market-outcomes","display_name":"women's labor market outcomes","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japan","display_name":"Japan","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5591999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993530730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65042393","display_name":"Wage growth","level":3,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192091488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3048982","display_name":"Cohort effect","level":3,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44970651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014030","display_name":"Fixed effects model","level":3,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401238","display_name":"SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:c316925c-b974-43f7-98c0-2e300459b7cd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/mf5ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401238","display_name":"SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mf5ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401238","display_name":"SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7145394530","https://openalex.org/W2013919874","https://openalex.org/W6893724186","https://openalex.org/W6887850437","https://openalex.org/W2991470116","https://openalex.org/W7015478521","https://openalex.org/W3192976870","https://openalex.org/W4392715774","https://openalex.org/W2944510043","https://openalex.org/W2788090030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"the":[1,22,59,65,102,108,115,121,134,139,163,167,176],"motherhood":[2,32,63,157,177],"wage":[3,42,60,98,146,159,178],"penalty":[4,23,109,179],"has":[5,15],"declined":[6,182],"amid":[7],"family":[8,188],"policy":[9,189],"expansion":[10,190],"and":[11,33,75,85,112,117,126,191],"shifting":[12,192],"gender":[13,193],"norms":[14],"attracted":[16],"attention.":[17],"However,":[18],"a":[19,76],"change":[20],"in":[21,38,71,97,114,138,180],"over":[24,64,101],"time":[25],"could":[26],"reflect":[27],"both":[28],"changing":[29,34,154],"effects":[30,82,87],"of":[31,62,187],"selection":[35,40,155],"into":[36,156],"motherhood,":[37],"particular":[39],"on":[41,158],"growth,":[43],"which":[44,92,150],"can":[45],"produce":[46],"spurious":[47],"trends.":[48],"Using":[49],"nationally":[50],"representative":[51],"panel":[52],"data":[53],"from":[54],"Japan,":[55],"this":[56],"study":[57],"examines":[58],"consequences":[61],"ten":[66,103],"years":[67,104],"following":[68,105],"first":[69,106],"birth":[70],"an":[72],"earlier":[73,116],"(1960\u20131974)":[74],"later":[77,118,140],"(1975\u20131989)":[78],"cohort,":[79],"using":[80],"fixed":[81,86],"(FE)":[83],"models":[84],"individual":[88,95],"slopes":[89],"(FEIS)":[90],"models,":[91],"account":[93],"for":[94,162],"differences":[96],"growth.":[99],"Averaged":[100],"birth,":[107],"was":[110],"10.1%":[111],"3.6%":[113],"cohorts":[119],"under":[120,133,166],"FE":[122,168],"model,":[123],"but":[124],"8.4%":[125],"11.9%":[127],"with":[128,153],"no":[129,173],"significant":[130],"cohort":[131,141],"difference":[132],"FEIS":[135],"model.":[136,169],"Mothers":[137],"also":[142],"had":[143],"steeper":[144],"underlying":[145],"growth":[147,160],"than":[148],"non-mothers,":[149],"is":[151],"consistent":[152],"accounting":[161],"apparent":[164],"decline":[165],"These":[170],"findings":[171],"provide":[172],"evidence":[174],"that":[175],"Japan":[181],"across":[183],"cohorts,":[184],"despite":[185],"decades":[186],"norms.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
