{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225426754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","title":"Multi-model validation of the hydro-mechanical and soil\u2013water characteristic behaviour of a slag-cement-amended iron ore tailings\u2013 bentonite liner material across compaction moisture states","display_name":"Multi-model validation of the hydro-mechanical and soil\u2013water characteristic behaviour of a slag-cement-amended iron ore tailings\u2013 bentonite liner material across compaction moisture states","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225426754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11418974/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11418974/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161093954","display_name":"B. O. Akinwande","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180664298","display_name":"Federal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pvx8v81","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. O. Akinwande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161142156","display_name":"A. A. Amadi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180664298","display_name":"Federal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pvx8v81","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. A. Amadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161017767","display_name":"T. E. Adejumo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180664298","display_name":"Federal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pvx8v81","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. E. Adejumo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161061891","display_name":"H. S. Abdulrahman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180664298","display_name":"Federal University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pvx8v81","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. S. Abdulrahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180664298"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12865","display_name":"Tailings Management and Properties","score":0.4546000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12865","display_name":"Tailings Management and Properties","score":0.4546000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11952","display_name":"Landfill Environmental Impact Studies","score":0.2467000037431717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.14970000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-ore-tailings","display_name":"iron ore tailings","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bentonite","display_name":"bentonite","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slag-cement","display_name":"slag cement","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compaction-moisture-content","display_name":"compaction moisture content","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unconfined-compressive-strength","display_name":"unconfined compressive strength","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturated-hydraulic-conductivity","display_name":"saturated hydraulic conductivity","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-shrinkage","display_name":"volume shrinkage","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water-retention-curve","display_name":"soil water retention curve","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/van-genuchten-model","display_name":"van Genuchten model","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fredlund-xing-model","display_name":"Fredlund-Xing model","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brooks-corey-model","display_name":"Brooks-Corey model","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-retention","display_name":"water retention","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process-regression","display_name":"Gaussian process regression","score":0.5189999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.9187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63184880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783041","display_name":"Hydraulic conductivity","level":3,"score":0.6488000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180145272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7504144","display_name":"Shrinkage","level":2,"score":0.6294999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.6068000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5166401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784525","display_name":"Tailings","level":2,"score":0.5685999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777979977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380149","display_name":"Bentonite","level":2,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779748816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191552","display_name":"Iron ore","level":2,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168056786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202251","display_name":"Asphalt","level":2,"score":0.39259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29689760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111713","display_name":"Proctor compaction test","level":3,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102579867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914346","display_name":"Pore water pressure","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780052225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841217","display_name":"Hydraulic press","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147108130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2547687","display_name":"Roller-compacted concrete","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5260166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934258","display_name":"Pelletizing","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11418974/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11418974/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11418974/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225426754.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225426754.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642780252","https://openalex.org/W1999702418","https://openalex.org/W2033625097","https://openalex.org/W2048568378","https://openalex.org/W2139481755","https://openalex.org/W2162604832","https://openalex.org/W2625372843","https://openalex.org/W2793880087","https://openalex.org/W2988603791","https://openalex.org/W3028293712","https://openalex.org/W3124475573","https://openalex.org/W3127404213","https://openalex.org/W3180439479","https://openalex.org/W3210781806","https://openalex.org/W4200516890","https://openalex.org/W4303696390","https://openalex.org/W4360607974","https://openalex.org/W4366299295","https://openalex.org/W4395665318","https://openalex.org/W4395673822","https://openalex.org/W4399766600","https://openalex.org/W4401283516","https://openalex.org/W4402001009","https://openalex.org/W4403330645","https://openalex.org/W4404999829","https://openalex.org/W4407866132","https://openalex.org/W4409068804","https://openalex.org/W4412422493"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7219844625","https://openalex.org/W4412176023","https://openalex.org/W4232775534","https://openalex.org/W4366583973","https://openalex.org/W4399187512","https://openalex.org/W4214881310","https://openalex.org/W4410075930","https://openalex.org/W4387819235","https://openalex.org/W4410884403","https://openalex.org/W2033625097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Compacted":[1],"liners":[2],"made":[3],"from":[4,142,149,155,177],"iron":[5],"ore":[6],"tailings":[7],"(IOT)":[8],"and":[9,15,73,89,101,128,174,201,225,239],"bentonite":[10],"must":[11],"satisfy":[12],"strength,":[13,198],"hydraulic":[14,83,192],"shrinkage":[16,91],"criteria":[17],"concurrently,":[18],"yet":[19],"these":[20],"properties":[21],"respond":[22],"in":[23],"opposing":[24],"directions":[25],"to":[26,108,144,146,151,161,167,179,181,216],"the":[27,35,52,110,134,186,191,196,222,231,240],"compaction":[28,36],"water":[29,252],"content.":[30,253],"This":[31],"study":[32],"evaluates":[33],"how":[34],"moisture":[37],"state":[38],"(2%":[39],"dry":[40],"of":[41,48,54,256],"optimum,":[42,44,49],"DOPT;":[43],"OPT;":[45],"2%":[46],"wet":[47],"WOPT)":[50],"governs":[51],"performance":[53],"IOT\u2013bentonite":[55],"mixtures":[56],"(20\u201340%":[57],"bentonite)":[58],"stabilised":[59],"with":[60,221,250],"0\u201310%":[61],"slag":[62],"cement":[63],"(CEM":[64],"III),":[65],"compacted":[66],"at":[67],"British":[68],"Standard":[69],"Heavy":[70],"(BSH)":[71],"energy":[72],"cured":[74],"for":[75,98],"28":[76],"days.":[77],"Unconfined":[78],"compressive":[79],"strength":[80],"(UCS),":[81],"saturated":[82],"conductivity":[84],"(":[85,92],"K":[86,119,153],"sat":[87,120,154],")":[88,95],"volumetric":[90],"V":[93,129,175],"s":[94,130,176],"were":[96,219],"measured":[97,211],"25":[99],"mixtures,":[100],"Gaussian":[102],"process":[103],"regression":[104],"(GPR)":[105],"was":[106,184,244],"used":[107],"map":[109],"combined":[111],"compliance":[112],"region":[113],"against":[114],"UCS":[115,140],"\u2265":[116],"200":[117],"kPa,":[118],"\u2264":[121,131,237],"1":[122],"\u00d7":[123,157,163,169],"10":[124,158,164,166,170],"\u2212":[125,159,165,171],"9":[126,160],"m/s":[127],"4%.":[132],"For":[133],"30%":[135],"bentonite/10%":[136,259],"CEM":[137,260],"III":[138,261],"mixture,":[139],"decreased":[141],"1775":[143],"1800":[145],"1542":[147],"kPa":[148,218],"DOPT":[150,183],"WOPT,":[152],"1.37":[156],"1.93":[162],"9.73":[168],"11":[172],"m/s,":[173],"3.8":[178],"3.19":[180],"2.19%.":[182],"therefore":[185],"only":[187],"condition":[188],"that":[189],"violated":[190],"criterion,":[193],"despite":[194],"giving":[195],"highest":[197],"whereas":[199],"OPT":[200],"WOPT":[202],"met":[203],"all":[204,229],"three":[205],"criteria.":[206],"Soil\u2013water":[207],"characteristic":[208],"curves":[209],"(SWCCs)":[210],"by":[212],"pressure":[213],"plate":[214],"up":[215],"1500":[217],"fitted":[220],"Brooks\u2013Corey,":[223],"Fredlund\u2013Xing":[224],"van":[226,241],"Genuchten":[227,242],"models;":[228],"reproduced":[230],"data":[232],"closely":[233],"(root-mean-square":[234],"error,":[235],"RMSE":[236],"0.0035)":[238],"model":[243],"marginally":[245],"best.":[246],"Water":[247],"retention":[248],"increased":[249],"moulding":[251],"2%WOPT":[254],"placement":[255],"a":[257],"31%":[258],"liner":[262],"is":[263],"recommended.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
