{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225423876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","title":"Repeated Exposure to Military Low-Level Blast Is Associated With Regionally Specific Reductions in Gray Matter Volume in Breachers and Snipers","display_name":"Repeated Exposure to Military Low-Level Blast Is Associated With Regionally Specific Reductions in Gray Matter Volume in Breachers and Snipers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225423876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42993589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48790426","display_name":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation","issn_l":"0885-9701","issn":["0885-9701","1550-509X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055890108","display_name":"Oshin A. Vartanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2513","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2513"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oshin Vartanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Author Affiliations: Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Vartanian, Lam, King, Vallikanthan, Shea, Nakashima, Shiu, Di Battista, and Rhind); Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Vartanian); Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada (Tenn); Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain (Monte-Rubio); Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Di Battista); Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada (Ouellet); Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Lester); and Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Crouzat)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Author Affiliations: Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Vartanian, Lam, King, Vallikanthan, Shea, Nakashima, Shiu, Di Battista, and Rhind); Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Vartanian); Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada (Tenn); Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain (Monte-Rubio); Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Di Battista); Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier Research Center, Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, Canada (Ouellet); Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Lester); and Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Crouzat)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108617717","display_name":"Timothy K. Lam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy K. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161070260","display_name":"Kristen King","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristen King","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106930475","display_name":"Janani Vallikanthan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janani Vallikanthan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042282668","display_name":"Catherine C. Tenn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8417-5332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8417-5332"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Tenn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161102444","display_name":"Kaela Shea","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaela Shea","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033684169","display_name":"Ann Nakashima","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Nakashima","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038931233","display_name":"Maria Y. Shiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-3910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-3910"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Y. Shiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019937532","display_name":"Gemma C. Mont\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-2224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-2224"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gemma C. Monte-Rubio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035669801","display_name":"Alex P. Di Battista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-6833","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-6833"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex P. Di Battista","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102872991","display_name":"Simon Ouellet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-8182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-8182"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Ouellet","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120510469","display_name":"Laura Lester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117082987","display_name":"Mike Crouzat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Crouzat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033177613","display_name":"Shawn G. Rhind","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-0620","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-0620"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn G. Rhind","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-matter-volume","display_name":"gray matter volume","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snipers","display_name":"snipers","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurocognitive-function","display_name":"neurocognitive function","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inferior-frontal-gyrus","display_name":"inferior frontal gyrus","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parahippocampal-gyrus","display_name":"parahippocampal gyrus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amygdala","display_name":"amygdala","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-matter","display_name":"white matter","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-brain-changes","display_name":"brain structural changes","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans","display_name":"veterans","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172467417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1670397","display_name":"Neurocognitive","level":3,"score":0.7914999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781192897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q822050","display_name":"White matter","level":3,"score":0.7093999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6446999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5914999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1545429","display_name":"Parahippocampal gyrus","level":4,"score":0.5421000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65835030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030681","display_name":"Brain size","level":3,"score":0.53329998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200134340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845664","display_name":"Voxel-based morphometry","level":4,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781423396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558534","display_name":"Inferior frontal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779369059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758383","display_name":"Gyrus","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779991468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3063753","display_name":"Middle frontal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000001226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48790426","display_name":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation","issn_l":"0885-9701","issn":["0885-9701","1550-509X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42993589","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42993589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330045","display_name":"Minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense Nationale","ror":"https://ror.org/035rreb34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974629262","https://openalex.org/W1978600950","https://openalex.org/W2000697043","https://openalex.org/W2001055430","https://openalex.org/W2005484669","https://openalex.org/W2011595299","https://openalex.org/W2049053055","https://openalex.org/W2057748516","https://openalex.org/W2101243793","https://openalex.org/W2104695012","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2150412543","https://openalex.org/W2377661981","https://openalex.org/W2508097902","https://openalex.org/W2528828376","https://openalex.org/W2773063462","https://openalex.org/W2886440933","https://openalex.org/W2900321275","https://openalex.org/W3044473848","https://openalex.org/W3087319203","https://openalex.org/W3096287217","https://openalex.org/W3097854463","https://openalex.org/W3106880095","https://openalex.org/W3121555200","https://openalex.org/W3128071293","https://openalex.org/W3134836815","https://openalex.org/W3135267821","https://openalex.org/W3173838100","https://openalex.org/W4200587188","https://openalex.org/W4225870702","https://openalex.org/W4281766055","https://openalex.org/W4378232620","https://openalex.org/W4391818149","https://openalex.org/W4394817003","https://openalex.org/W4394993662","https://openalex.org/W4397038924","https://openalex.org/W4403208690","https://openalex.org/W4404229319","https://openalex.org/W4405698430","https://openalex.org/W4407784743","https://openalex.org/W4408163625","https://openalex.org/W4409062394","https://openalex.org/W4416100454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416100454","https://openalex.org/W3087319203","https://openalex.org/W4405833569","https://openalex.org/W2512232761","https://openalex.org/W2795886286","https://openalex.org/W3096287217","https://openalex.org/W7133568371","https://openalex.org/W2000984866","https://openalex.org/W7223307988","https://openalex.org/W7112114288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"examine":[2],"the":[3,113],"association":[4],"between":[5,212,227,272],"duration":[6],"of":[7,42,90,118,246,269,293],"repeated":[8,43],"exposure":[9,44,92,240],"to":[10,45,111],"low-level":[11,46,238],"blast":[12,47,91,119,239],"and":[13,34,55,57,67,72,81,105,115,123,177,230,254,256,274,276,291,297],"alteration":[14,271],"in":[15,170,175,179,185,191,196,207,220,252,264,282],"brain":[16],"structure.":[17],"SETTING:":[18],"Data":[19],"were":[20,74,109,128],"collected":[21,75,129,154],"at":[22,77,155,214],"2":[23,107],"neuroimaging":[24],"facilities.":[25],"PARTICIPANTS:":[26],"Canadian":[27],"Armed":[28],"Forces":[29],"breachers":[30,71,273],"(n":[31,36,62],"=":[32,37,50,53,63,97,101],"30)":[33],"snipers":[35,73,197,253,275,283],"31)":[38],"with":[39,131,161,243,279],"a":[40,83,87,132],"history":[41],"(average":[48],"years":[49],"9.70,":[51],"SD":[52,100],"4.57)":[54],"sex-":[56],"age-matched":[58],"active":[59],"military":[60],"controls":[61,127],"57).":[64],"DESIGN:":[65],"MRI":[66,122,152],"neurocognitive":[68,124,145,199,262,280],"data":[69,108,125,153],"from":[70,126],"prospectively":[76],"baseline":[78],"(time":[79,93,95],"1)":[80],"after":[82],"training":[84],"exercise":[85],"involving":[86],"concentrated":[88],"regimen":[89],"2)":[94],"gap":[96],"80.56":[98],"days,":[99],"36.90).":[102],"Time":[103],"1":[104,157,229],"time":[106,134,156,215,228,231],"used":[110],"assess":[112],"chronic":[114],"training-related":[116,237],"effects":[117],"exposure,":[120],"respectively.":[121],"twice":[130],"comparable":[133],"gap.":[135],"MAIN":[136],"MEASURES:":[137],"High-resolution":[138],"magnetic":[139],"resonance":[140],"imaging":[141],"(MRI)":[142],"scans,":[143],"plus":[144],"measures.":[146],"RESULTS:":[147],"Voxel-based":[148],"morphometry":[149],"conducted":[150],"on":[151,183],"demonstrated":[158],"that":[159],"compared":[160],"controls,":[162],"there":[163],"was":[164,241],"lower":[165],"regional":[166,208,221,247,257],"gray":[167,188,222,248,258],"matter":[168,189,210,225,249,259],"volume":[169,190,211,226,250,260],"left":[171,192],"inferior":[172,193],"frontal":[173,194],"gyrus":[174,181,195],"snipers,":[176],"bilaterally":[178],"parahippocampal":[180],"(bordering":[182],"amygdala)":[184],"breachers.":[186],"Regional":[187],"predicted":[198,261],"function.":[200],"We":[201],"did":[202],"not":[203,236],"observe":[204],"any":[205,218],"difference":[206],"white":[209,224],"groups":[213],"1,":[216],"nor":[217],"changes":[219],"or":[223],"2.":[232],"CONCLUSION:":[233],"Chronic":[234],"but":[235],"associated":[242],"dissociable":[244],"patterns":[245],"reduction":[251],"breachers,":[255],"function":[263,281],"snipers.":[265],"The":[266],"differential":[267],"pattern":[268],"structural":[270],"its":[277],"relationship":[278],"can":[284],"inform":[285],"health":[286],"monitoring":[287],"programs":[288],"for":[289],"diagnosis":[290],"treatment":[292],"blast-exposed":[294],"service":[295],"members":[296],"Veterans.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}