{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225423368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","title":"Inequality Can Increase Stealing, Reduce Trust, and Undermine Cooperation, Even When It Is Invisible","display_name":"Inequality Can Increase Stealing, Reduce Trust, and Undermine Cooperation, Even When It Is Invisible","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225423368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119741116","display_name":"Julia Buzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3484-1139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3484-1139"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Buzan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034690621","display_name":"Daniel Nettle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-2599","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-2599","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5422-709X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Nettle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-2599","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"inequality","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theft","display_name":"theft","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust","display_name":"trust","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compositional-effects","display_name":"composition effects","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-inequality","display_name":"perceived inequality","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-effects","display_name":"threshold effects","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"resource allocation","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime","display_name":"crime","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.8453999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165148211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887","display_name":"Social inequality","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178233286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645999","display_name":"Social comparison theory","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:85df61cf-22a1-4ec7-9399-13751e899e53","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/jskhb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jskhb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155722466","https://openalex.org/W7169865062","https://openalex.org/W1437329646","https://openalex.org/W1903289208","https://openalex.org/W2972656361","https://openalex.org/W3122387344","https://openalex.org/W2993462014","https://openalex.org/W2060099947","https://openalex.org/W6887714033","https://openalex.org/W4384830875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Higher":[0],"inequality":[1,155,193],"is":[2,35],"associated":[3],"with":[4],"higher":[5],"crime,":[6,184],"lower":[7,10],"trust,":[8,94,186],"and":[9,95,187],"cooperation,":[11,100,189],"but":[12,101,171],"the":[13,86,97,129,150],"mechanisms":[14],"producing":[15],"these":[16,124,165],"associations":[17],"remain":[18],"unclear.":[19],"Inequality":[20,84],"produces":[21],"compositional":[22],"effects":[23,42,174],"through":[24],"changing":[25],"individuals\u2019":[26],"resource":[27],"levels,":[28],"regardless":[29],"of":[30,64,80,99,132,175],"whether":[31,136,190],"or":[32,73,148,191],"not":[33,172,192],"it":[34,111],"perceived.":[36],"Inequality\u2019s":[37],"visibility":[38,133],"may":[39],"have":[40],"further":[41],"precisely":[43],"because":[44],"people":[45],"perceive":[46],"it.":[47],"In":[48],"Study":[49,116],"1":[50],"(N":[51,118],"=":[52,119],"496;":[53],"64":[54],"groups),":[55],"participants":[56,137],"played":[57],"a":[58,106,181],"multiplayer":[59],"experimental":[60],"game":[61],"in":[62,85],"groups":[63],"eight,":[65],"choosing":[66],"to":[67,114],"steal":[68],"from":[69],"one":[70],"another,":[71],"cooperate,":[72],"work":[74],"alone.":[75],"Participants\u2019":[76],"were":[77],"never":[78],"informed":[79],"others'":[81],"points":[82,88,107],"levels.":[83],"initial":[87],"distribution":[89],"increased":[90,183],"stealing":[91],"rates,":[92],"lowered":[93,188],"reduced":[96,185],"rate":[98],"only":[102],"when":[103],"there":[104],"was":[105,112,194],"threshold":[108,182],"below":[109],"which":[110],"disastrous":[113],"fall.":[115],"2":[117],"1,014;":[120],"132":[121],"groups)":[122],"replicated":[123],"findings.":[125],"It":[126],"also":[127],"tested":[128],"additional":[130],"role":[131],"by":[134],"varying":[135],"had":[138,157],"no":[139,158],"information":[140],"about":[141],"others\u2019":[142],"points,":[143,147],"knew":[144,149],"their":[145],"partner\u2019s":[146],"group\u2019s":[151],"point":[152],"distribution.":[153],"Making":[154],"visible":[156],"meaningful":[159],"effect":[160],"on":[161],"any":[162],"outcome.":[163],"Together,":[164],"findings":[166],"provide":[167],"evidence":[168],"for":[169],"compositional,":[170],"visibility,":[173],"inequality:":[176],"distributing":[177],"resources":[178],"unequally":[179],"around":[180],"visible.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}