{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225420926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","title":"Machine Learning-Enhanced Hemoglobin-to-Creatinine Ratio for Prognosis in Critically Ill AMI Patients: A Two-Database Retrospective Cohort Study","display_name":"Machine Learning-Enhanced Hemoglobin-to-Creatinine Ratio for Prognosis in Critically Ill AMI Patients: A Two-Database Retrospective Cohort Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225420926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10560581/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10560581/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161127873","display_name":"Yongheng Qiu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116265982","display_name":"Qinghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h33bt13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116265982"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongheng Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qinghai University School of Clinical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai University School of Clinical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116265982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161098899","display_name":"Aiping Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113043","display_name":"Qinghai Red Cross Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/023xep540","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qinghai Red Cross Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Red Cross Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161024064","display_name":"Rui Xue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086866","display_name":"Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/000j1tr86","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086866"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10292","display_name":"Acute Myocardial Infarction Research","score":0.6406000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10292","display_name":"Acute Myocardial Infarction Research","score":0.6406000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.25049999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11355","display_name":"Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-myocardial-infarction","display_name":"acute myocardial infarction","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critically-ill-patients","display_name":"critically ill patients","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-value","display_name":"prognostic value","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sofa-score","display_name":"SOFA score","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-prognostic-value","display_name":"incremental prognostic value","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-function","display_name":"renal function","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiogenic-shock","display_name":"cardiogenic shock","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactate","display_name":"lactate","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-feature-importance","display_name":"SHAP feature importance","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimic-iv","display_name":"MIMIC-IV","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eicu-collaborative-research-database","display_name":"eICU-CRD","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-mortality-prediction","display_name":"ICU mortality prediction","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8779000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991859549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critically ill","level":2,"score":0.6970999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.664900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777465075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7392039","display_name":"SOFA score","level":3,"score":0.5246000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993277928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248370","display_name":"Prognostic model","level":3,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776850375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2477062","display_name":"Cardiogenic shock","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993568657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critical illness","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779541074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185643","display_name":"Renal replacement therapy","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10560581/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10560581/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10560581/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225420926.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225420926.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1898928487","https://openalex.org/W2025118628","https://openalex.org/W2133930339","https://openalex.org/W2580821343","https://openalex.org/W2780982411","https://openalex.org/W2792052539","https://openalex.org/W2891367027","https://openalex.org/W2891400669","https://openalex.org/W2936855320","https://openalex.org/W3211607937","https://openalex.org/W4293721623","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4315865756","https://openalex.org/W4387633017","https://openalex.org/W4389266954","https://openalex.org/W4391322398","https://openalex.org/W4392204091","https://openalex.org/W4401563014","https://openalex.org/W4407942274","https://openalex.org/W4409522208","https://openalex.org/W4410635572","https://openalex.org/W4411270179","https://openalex.org/W4412041797","https://openalex.org/W4415547696","https://openalex.org/W4415666323","https://openalex.org/W4417025653","https://openalex.org/W4417483800","https://openalex.org/W7164023135","https://openalex.org/W7164140775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409522208","https://openalex.org/W4403805927","https://openalex.org/W7128018114","https://openalex.org/W7162788507","https://openalex.org/W4387633017","https://openalex.org/W7125938844","https://openalex.org/W4417413013","https://openalex.org/W2921575525","https://openalex.org/W7117747531","https://openalex.org/W7224080618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective:":[1],"To":[2],"investigate":[3],"whether":[4,24],"the":[5,30,48,54,165,242],"hemoglobin-to-creatinine":[6],"(Hb/Cr)":[7],"ratio":[8],"provides":[9],"independent":[10,226],"prognostic":[11,156,227],"value":[12,28],"in":[13,117,132,144,162,183,219,229],"critically":[14],"ill":[15],"patients":[16,66,231],"with":[17,42,130],"acute":[18],"myocardial":[19],"infarction":[20],"(AMI),":[21],"and":[22,53,69,78,107,141,212],"further,":[23],"it":[25],"offers":[26,254],"incremental":[27,121],"beyond":[29],"Sequential":[31],"Organ":[32],"Failure":[33],"Assessment":[34],"(SOFA)":[35],"score.":[36,244],"Design:":[37],"Retrospective":[38],"observational":[39],"cohort":[40],"study":[41],"external":[43],"validation.":[44],"Setting:":[45],"ICUs":[46],"from":[47,67,71],"MIMIC-IV":[49,68],"database":[50,56],"(2008\u20132019,":[51],"discovery)":[52],"eICU-CRD":[55,72,184],"(2014\u20132015,":[57],"multi-center":[58],"validation).":[59],"Patients:":[60],"A":[61,87],"total":[62],"of":[63],"6,182":[64],"ICU-AMI":[65,230],"3,761":[70],"(MICE-analyzable":[73],"cohorts).":[74],"Interventions:":[75],"None.":[76],"Measurements":[77],"Main":[79],"Results:":[80],"The":[81],"primary":[82],"outcome":[83],"was":[84,91,126,167,181],"in-hospital":[85],"mortality.":[86],"three-tier":[88],"hierarchical":[89],"strategy":[90],"applied:":[92],"Model":[93,99,110,133,145,163,193],"1":[94,134],"(age+sex)":[95],"replicated":[96,182],"prior":[97],"literature;":[98],"2":[100,146,186],"further":[101],"adjusted":[102],"for":[103],"lactate,":[104],"mechanical":[105],"ventilation,":[106],"cardiogenic":[108],"shock;":[109],"3":[111,194],"added":[112],"SOFA":[113,160,215,243,249],"(and":[114],"renal":[115],"indicators":[116],"MIMIC-IV)":[118],"to":[119,170],"test":[120],"value.":[122,157],"In":[123,245],"MIMIC-IV,":[124],"Hb/Cr":[125,218,223,253],"significantly":[127],"independently":[128],"associated":[129],"mortality":[131],"(OR":[135,147,172],"=":[136,139,148,151,173,176,188,196,199],"1.11,":[137],"p":[138,150,175,190,198,209],"0.002)":[140],"remained":[142],"significant":[143],"1.06,":[149],"0.031),":[152],"confirming":[153],"its":[154],"basic":[155],"However,":[158,235],"after":[159],"inclusion":[161],"3,":[164],"association":[166],"completely":[168],"attenuated":[169],"null":[171],"1.003,":[174],"0.756).":[177],"This":[178],"exact":[179],"pattern":[180],"(Model":[185],"OR":[187,195],"0.945,":[189],"<":[191],"0.001;":[192],"0.989,":[197],"0.148).":[200],"SOFA-stratified":[201],"\u0394AUCs":[202],"were":[203],"<0.005":[204],"across":[205],"all":[206],"strata":[207],"(all":[208],">":[210],"0.05),":[211],"SHAP":[213],"confirmed":[214],"consistently":[216],"outranked":[217],"feature":[220],"importance.":[221],"Conclusions:":[222],"does":[224],"carry":[225],"information":[228,237],"under":[232],"traditional/adjusted":[233],"frameworks.":[234],"this":[236],"is":[238,250],"entirely":[239],"encompassed":[240],"by":[241],"settings":[246],"where":[247],"24-hour":[248],"already":[251],"available,":[252],"no":[255],"additional":[256],"clinical":[257],"utility":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
