{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225420282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","title":"Co-Torrefaction of Sub-Bituminous Coal and Empty Palm Fruit Bunch: A Process Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","display_name":"Co-Torrefaction of Sub-Bituminous Coal and Empty Palm Fruit Bunch: A Process Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225420282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24003059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161134786","display_name":"Martins O. Ojo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6406202","display_name":"University of Benin","ror":"https://ror.org/04mznrw11","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6406202"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martins O. Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6406202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161068609","display_name":"A.O. Odeh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6406202","display_name":"University of Benin","ror":"https://ror.org/04mznrw11","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6406202"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.O. Odeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6406202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161105448","display_name":"G. Adeleke Temiloluwa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186771145","display_name":"Covenant University","ror":"https://ror.org/00frr1n84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186771145"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Temiloluwa, G. Adeleke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186771145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161045927","display_name":"O. Lanlehin Habeeb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181631907","display_name":"University of Ibadan","ror":"https://ror.org/03wx2rr30","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habeeb, O. Lanlehin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181631907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11284","display_name":"Coal Properties and Utilization","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13584","display_name":"Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-bituminous-coal","display_name":"subbituminous coal","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch","display_name":"empty fruit bunch","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palm-biomass","display_name":"palm biomass","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-biomass-blends","display_name":"coal-biomass blends","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torrefaction-temperature","display_name":"torrefaction temperature","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residence-time","display_name":"residence time","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-heating-value","display_name":"higher heating value","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-yield","display_name":"energy yield","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-fuels","display_name":"solid fuels","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioenergy","display_name":"bioenergy","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-optimization","display_name":"process optimization","score":0.7429999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.911300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162857116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908322","display_name":"Torrefaction","level":3,"score":0.9067999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.722599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.6491000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775913793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030793","display_name":"Residence time (fluid dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5867000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5432999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115952470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332172","display_name":"Process optimization","level":2,"score":0.5213000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156383657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902126","display_name":"Heat of combustion","level":3,"score":0.4740999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156380964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556","display_name":"Bioenergy","level":3,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196832758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408429","display_name":"Solid fuel","level":3,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92397422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062082","display_name":"Central composite design","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62609721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023293","display_name":"Specific energy","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779970684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11567121","display_name":"Char","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55396564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3084971","display_name":"Process design","level":3,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24003059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24003060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24003059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24003059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7115596748","https://openalex.org/W4367626642","https://openalex.org/W3036159220","https://openalex.org/W3097530452","https://openalex.org/W4322155290","https://openalex.org/W2981791290","https://openalex.org/W4396580827","https://openalex.org/W3185431604","https://openalex.org/W4324067008","https://openalex.org/W4407729720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,194],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,20,39,70,79,89,100,110,160,166,172,185,210],"co-torrefaction":[4,177],"of":[5,23,32,75,88,112,145,152,165,175,191,212],"sub-bituminous":[6],"coal":[7],"(SBC)":[8],"and":[9,48,72,84,107,115,138,148,163,187,207,214],"empty":[10],"fruit":[11],"bunch":[12],"(EFB)":[13],"biomass":[14],"as":[15,178],"a":[16,64,142,179,197],"strategy":[17],"for":[18,26,200],"enhancing":[19],"fuel":[21],"characteristics":[22],"biomass-coal":[24,176],"blends":[25],"sustainable":[27],"energy":[28,85,150,188,217],"applications.":[29],"A":[30],"series":[31],"experiments":[33],"were":[34,118,126],"conducted":[35],"by":[36],"systematically":[37],"varying":[38],"EFB":[40,113,132],"mass":[41],"fraction":[42],"(20\u201380%),":[43],"torrefaction":[44,97,130],"temperature":[45,98],"(200\u2013300":[46],"\u00b0C),":[47],"residence":[49,116,140],"time":[50,117],"(20\u201360":[51],"minutes).":[52],"The":[53,128,169],"process":[54],"optimization":[55],"was":[56],"performed":[57],"using":[58],"Response":[59],"Surface":[60],"Methodology":[61],"(RSM)":[62],"with":[63],"Box\u2013Behnken":[65],"design":[66],"to":[67,183,209],"evaluate":[68],"both":[69,105],"individual":[71],"interactive":[73],"effects":[74,111,123],"these":[76],"parameters":[77,203],"on":[78,104],"higher":[80],"heating":[81],"value":[82],"(HHV)":[83],"yield":[86,151],"(EY)":[87],"resulting":[90],"solid":[91,192],"fuel.":[92],"Statistical":[93],"analysis":[94],"revealed":[95],"that":[96],"exerted":[99],"most":[101],"significant":[102],"influence":[103],"HHV":[106,144],"EY,":[108],"whereas":[109],"proportion":[114],"comparatively":[119],"less":[120],"pronounced.":[121],"Interaction":[122],"among":[124],"variables":[125],"minimal.":[127],"optimal":[129],"conditions\u201420%":[131],"content,":[133],"200":[134],"\u00b0C":[135],"processing":[136],"temperature,":[137],"60-minute":[139],"time\u2014yielded":[141],"maximum":[143],"31.98":[146],"MJ/kg":[147],"an":[149],"92.18%.":[153],"Model":[154],"validation":[155],"through":[156],"experimental":[157],"data":[158],"confirmed":[159],"predictive":[161],"accuracy":[162],"robustness":[164],"RSM":[167],"model.":[168],"findings":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"technical":[173],"viability":[174],"thermal":[180],"pre-treatment":[181],"method":[182],"improve":[184],"calorific":[186],"retention":[189],"properties":[190],"fuels.":[193],"work":[195],"provides":[196],"valuable":[198],"framework":[199],"optimizing":[201],"co-processing":[202],"in":[204],"bioenergy":[205],"applications":[206],"contributes":[208],"advancement":[211],"cleaner":[213],"more":[215],"efficient":[216],"systems.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}