{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225419933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","title":"Explainable machine learning modeling for predicting the hydraulic permeability of fly ash pervious concrete","display_name":"Explainable machine learning modeling for predicting the hydraulic permeability of fly ash pervious concrete","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225419933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036627","display_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","issn_l":"2948-1546","issn":["2948-1546"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010650089","display_name":"Navaratnarajah Sathiparan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-0580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-0580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198412587","display_name":"University of Jaffna","ror":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198412587"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Navaratnarajah Sathiparan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Ariviyal Nager, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8570-0580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Ariviyal Nager, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198412587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002583380","display_name":"Daniel Niruban Subramaniam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-1617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198412587","display_name":"University of Jaffna","ror":"https://ror.org/02fwjgw17","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198412587"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Niruban Subramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Ariviyal Nager, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Ariviyal Nager, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198412587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010650089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198412587"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.5282999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10687","display_name":"Innovative concrete reinforcement materials","score":0.3107999861240387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.024700000882148743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pervious-concrete","display_name":"pervious concrete","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fly-ash","display_name":"fly ash","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-permeability","display_name":"hydraulic permeability","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permeability-prediction","display_name":"permeability prediction","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-gradient-boosting","display_name":"extreme gradient boosting","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mix-design-parameters","display_name":"mix design parameters","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate-to-binder-ratio","display_name":"aggregate-to-binder ratio","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate-size","display_name":"aggregate size","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stormwater-runoff","display_name":"stormwater runoff","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-drainage","display_name":"urban drainage","score":0.7850000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68256804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7171262","display_name":"Pervious concrete","level":3,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994359068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177784","display_name":"Hydraulic pressure","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63184880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2783041","display_name":"Hydraulic conductivity","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036627","display_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","issn_l":"2948-1546","issn":["2948-1546"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cba2c009273f47b48a58c207868d4a9b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cba2c009273f47b48a58c207868d4a9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Civil Engineering, Vol 3, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44290-026-00676-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407036627","display_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","issn_l":"2948-1546","issn":["2948-1546"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.761900007724762}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7976956454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24-031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310906","funder_display_name":"National Research Council Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310906","display_name":"National Research Council Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/03bjn0010"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225419933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225419933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974799041","https://openalex.org/W2121842723","https://openalex.org/W2201521539","https://openalex.org/W2561572036","https://openalex.org/W2606378283","https://openalex.org/W2804622146","https://openalex.org/W2825600065","https://openalex.org/W2904454735","https://openalex.org/W2908187535","https://openalex.org/W2910169085","https://openalex.org/W2915898129","https://openalex.org/W2920251958","https://openalex.org/W3028120856","https://openalex.org/W3047788887","https://openalex.org/W3082302391","https://openalex.org/W3117777315","https://openalex.org/W3158353704","https://openalex.org/W3167719154","https://openalex.org/W3201735747","https://openalex.org/W3207174653","https://openalex.org/W4212959877","https://openalex.org/W4213264877","https://openalex.org/W4280637798","https://openalex.org/W4296342837","https://openalex.org/W4324144233","https://openalex.org/W4378192347","https://openalex.org/W4389262654","https://openalex.org/W4394620429","https://openalex.org/W4400981425","https://openalex.org/W4401394211","https://openalex.org/W4403948269","https://openalex.org/W4408519891","https://openalex.org/W4409204747","https://openalex.org/W4409396470","https://openalex.org/W4409616644","https://openalex.org/W4410935375","https://openalex.org/W4411852615","https://openalex.org/W4412556507","https://openalex.org/W4412952631","https://openalex.org/W4413361834","https://openalex.org/W4414584029","https://openalex.org/W4415541770","https://openalex.org/W7114801336","https://openalex.org/W7127284037","https://openalex.org/W7139018713","https://openalex.org/W7148410229","https://openalex.org/W7156207984","https://openalex.org/W7160533150","https://openalex.org/W7171307674","https://openalex.org/W7171489725","https://openalex.org/W7202044652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606695126","https://openalex.org/W2770090209","https://openalex.org/W7125770289","https://openalex.org/W3124939898","https://openalex.org/W2592912170","https://openalex.org/W4389262964","https://openalex.org/W7128295009","https://openalex.org/W4313294914","https://openalex.org/W6995696941","https://openalex.org/W3179836381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"efficient":[1],"urban":[2],"drainage":[3],"solution,":[4],"sustainable":[5],"pervious":[6,31,114],"concrete":[7,32,115],"mitigates":[8],"stormwater":[9],"runoff":[10],"but":[11],"exhibits":[12],"highly":[13,159],"non-linear":[14],"hydraulic":[15],"behavior":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18],"its":[19],"constituents.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"presents":[23],"an":[24],"explainable":[25],"data-driven":[26],"framework":[27,152],"to":[28,41,48,118],"accurately":[29],"predict":[30],"permeability.":[33],"A":[34],"70:30":[35],"holdout":[36],"partitioning":[37],"strategy":[38],"was":[39],"applied":[40],"a":[42],"meta-dataset":[43],"of":[44],"150":[45],"experimental":[46],"records":[47],"train":[49],"and":[50,68,84,121,138],"validate":[51],"four":[52],"distinct":[53],"machine":[54,103],"learning":[55,104],"algorithms:":[56],"Artificial":[57],"Neural":[58],"Networks":[59],"(ANN),":[60],"K-Nearest":[61],"Neighbors":[62],"(KNN),":[63],"Support":[64],"Vector":[65],"Regression":[66],"(SVR),":[67],"Extreme":[69],"Gradient":[70],"Boosting":[71],"(XGB).":[72],"The":[73],"input":[74],"space":[75],"comprised":[76],"critical":[77],"mix":[78],"design":[79],"parameters":[80],"(aggregate-to-binder,":[81],"fly":[82],"ash-to-binder,":[83],"water-to-binder":[85],"ratios,":[86],"alongside":[87],"mean":[88],"aggregate":[89,139],"size),":[90],"while":[91],"SHapley":[92],"Additive":[93],"exPlanations":[94],"(SHAP)":[95],"interpreted":[96],"the":[97,101,106,129,135,150],"optimal":[98],"model.":[99],"Among":[100],"evaluated":[102],"algorithms,":[105],"XGB":[107],"model":[108],"demonstrated":[109],"superior":[110],"predictive":[111],"capability":[112],"for":[113],"permeability":[116],"compared":[117],"ANN,":[119],"SVR,":[120],"KNN":[122],"models.":[123],"Post-hoc":[124],"SHAP":[125],"analysis":[126],"successfully":[127],"decoded":[128],"model\u2019s":[130],"\u201cblack":[131],"box,\u201d":[132],"proving":[133],"that":[134],"aggregate-to-binder":[136],"ratio":[137],"size":[140],"are":[141],"primary":[142],"drivers":[143],"governing":[144],"interconnected":[145],"void":[146],"space.":[147],"In":[148],"conclusion,":[149],"developed":[151],"replaces":[153],"tedious,":[154],"trial-and-error":[155],"laboratory":[156],"iterations":[157],"with":[158],"accurate,":[160],"physically":[161],"consistent":[162],"virtual":[163],"simulations.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}