{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225419219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","title":"\u201cIt\u2019s Part of Becoming a Physician\u201d: Medical Students\u2019 Reflections on Failure in Medicine","display_name":"\u201cIt\u2019s Part of Becoming a Physician\u201d: Medical Students\u2019 Reflections on Failure in Medicine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225419219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ime5040123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280660","display_name":"International Medical Education","issn_l":"2813-141X","issn":["2813-141X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065756659","display_name":"Nicolas Germann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5536-6598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5536-6598"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Germann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry St. Gallen, CH-9500 Wil SG, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry St. Gallen, CH-9500 Wil SG, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010529394","display_name":"MICHAEL C. APPEL","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-0622","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-0622"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meret Appel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-0622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255","https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101634348","display_name":"Helene L. Gros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-6627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-6627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne L. Gros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-6627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255","https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011468871","display_name":"Jimmy B. Beck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-6444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-6444"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Beck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, P.O. Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, P.O. Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028232704","display_name":"Sandra Lutz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Lutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Life and Leadership Coaching, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Life and Leadership Coaching, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081567683","display_name":"Lana Fourie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-566X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-566X","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-4700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119500","display_name":"Luzerner Kantonsspital","ror":"https://ror.org/02zk3am42","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119500"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lana Fourie","raw_affiliation_strings":["General and Visceral Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, CH-6004 Lucerne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General and Visceral Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, CH-6004 Lucerne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042987560","display_name":"Jennifer M. Klasen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-1606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-1606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer M. Klasen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-1606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Digestive Health Care Center Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255","https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042987560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255","https://openalex.org/I2802542264"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"123","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10795","display_name":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 stress and burnout","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflective-essays","display_name":"reflective essays","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"transformative learning","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-blame","display_name":"self-blame","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-safety","display_name":"psychological safety","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-failure","display_name":"fear of failure","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-from-failure","display_name":"learning from failure","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-supervision","display_name":"clinical supervision","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-distress","display_name":"emotional distress","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigma-of-failure","display_name":"stigma of failure","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.3930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781115785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502261","display_name":"Silence","level":2,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992316619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439398","display_name":"Fear of failure","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132413290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307322","display_name":"Reflective practice","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122816508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916597","display_name":"Medical psychology","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ime5040123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280660","display_name":"International Medical Education","issn_l":"2813-141X","issn":["2813-141X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ime5040123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ime5040123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387280660","display_name":"International Medical Education","issn_l":"2813-141X","issn":["2813-141X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1929526384","https://openalex.org/W1966919504","https://openalex.org/W1992304432","https://openalex.org/W2010298915","https://openalex.org/W2010696904","https://openalex.org/W2037915207","https://openalex.org/W2044320580","https://openalex.org/W2054062855","https://openalex.org/W2067404301","https://openalex.org/W2090287964","https://openalex.org/W2104969481","https://openalex.org/W2111128742","https://openalex.org/W2125851854","https://openalex.org/W2142812244","https://openalex.org/W2150756606","https://openalex.org/W2151417645","https://openalex.org/W2158287688","https://openalex.org/W2325636616","https://openalex.org/W2409102249","https://openalex.org/W2590940283","https://openalex.org/W2762267969","https://openalex.org/W2803654236","https://openalex.org/W2891696678","https://openalex.org/W2894644424","https://openalex.org/W2908625725","https://openalex.org/W2913920211","https://openalex.org/W2938740807","https://openalex.org/W2953958458","https://openalex.org/W3006877524","https://openalex.org/W3115361062","https://openalex.org/W3119512780","https://openalex.org/W3183646915","https://openalex.org/W4386386615","https://openalex.org/W4408961082","https://openalex.org/W4411078570","https://openalex.org/W4411379592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379981272","https://openalex.org/W3006877524","https://openalex.org/W4386386615","https://openalex.org/W7203785005","https://openalex.org/W4404519410","https://openalex.org/W2075572627","https://openalex.org/W4412428219","https://openalex.org/W7124726377","https://openalex.org/W1523308136","https://openalex.org/W4394765082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Failure":[0],"is":[1],"inevitable":[2],"in":[3,33,43,189],"medicine,":[4],"yet":[5],"the":[6,9,52,73,162,177,184],"ideal":[7],"of":[8,31,54,115,173,186],"infallible":[10],"physician":[11],"contributes":[12],"to":[13,21,47,148],"its":[14],"stigma,":[15],"leaving":[16],"students":[17,50],"unprepared":[18],"and":[19,23,36,66,71,85,113,143,145,196],"vulnerable":[20],"self-blame":[22,167],"distress.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"explored":[27],"medical":[28,49,190],"students\u2019":[29],"experiences":[30,160],"failure":[32,62,116,188],"clinical":[34,194],"settings":[35],"how":[37,156],"their":[38,159],"reflective":[39,68],"essays":[40,69,81],"captured":[41],"changes":[42],"perspective.":[44],"Thirty":[45],"fourth-":[46],"sixth-year":[48],"at":[51],"University":[53],"Basel":[55],"attended":[56],"a":[57,95,169],"16":[58],"h":[59],"workshop":[60],"on":[61],"(August":[63],"2021\u2013February":[64],"2022)":[65],"wrote":[67],"before":[70,193],"after":[72,161],"workshop.":[74],"Inductive":[75],"qualitative":[76],"content":[77],"analysis":[78],"examined":[79],"60":[80],"from":[82,119],"18":[83],"female":[84],"12":[86],"male":[87],"students,":[88],"with":[89],"Transformative":[90],"Learning":[91],"Theory":[92],"serving":[93],"as":[94,132],"sensitizing":[96],"lens.":[97],"Seven":[98],"themes":[99],"clustered":[100],"around":[101],"three":[102],"tensions:":[103],"individual":[104],"fault":[105],"versus":[106,110,117],"systemic":[107,171],"conditions,":[108],"silence":[109],"psychological":[111],"safety,":[112],"fear":[114],"learning":[118],"failure.":[120,150,174],"Participants":[121],"described":[122],"failures":[123],"amid":[124],"limited":[125,146],"authority,":[126],"information,":[127],"or":[128],"supervision,":[129],"interpreting":[130],"them":[131],"personal":[133],"inadequacy.":[134],"They":[135],"reported":[136],"emotional":[137],"distress,":[138],"tension":[139],"between":[140],"professional":[141],"ideals":[142],"fallibility,":[144],"opportunities":[147],"discuss":[149],"Illustrative":[151],"matched":[152],"essay":[153],"pairs":[154],"showed":[155],"participants":[157],"reconsidered":[158],"workshop,":[163],"including":[164],"moving":[165],"beyond":[166],"toward":[168],"more":[170],"understanding":[172],"Students":[175],"valued":[176],"supportive":[178],"environment":[179],"for":[180],"sharing":[181],"experiences,":[182],"highlighting":[183],"importance":[185],"addressing":[187],"education,":[191],"ideally":[192],"rotations,":[195],"ensuring":[197],"appropriate":[198],"supervision.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}