{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225417819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","title":"Heat stress along the 2026 Tour de France: a spatiotemporal reconstruction of exposure across race stages","display_name":"Heat stress along the 2026 Tour de France: a spatiotemporal reconstruction of exposure across race stages","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225417819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11319470/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11319470/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069172674","display_name":"Jon Xavier Olano Pozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3955-3134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3955-3134"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Xavier Olano Pozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Rovira i Virgili"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161051542","display_name":"Antoni Dom\u00e8nech-Monta\u00f1a","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni Dom\u00e8nech-Monta\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Rovira i Virgili"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011548542","display_name":"Anna Boqu\u00e9-Ciurana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-5641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-5641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Boqu\u00e9-Ciurana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Rovira i Virgili"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161027229","display_name":"\u00d2scar Saladi\u00e9-Borraz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d2scar Saladi\u00e9-Borraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Rovira i Virgili"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.02879999950528145,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-stress","display_name":"heat stress","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tour-de-france","display_name":"Tour de France","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cycling","display_name":"cycling","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-thermal-climate-index","display_name":"Universal Thermal Climate Index","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wet-bulb-globe-temperature","display_name":"wet bulb globe temperature","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microclimate","display_name":"microclimate","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiotemporal-reconstruction","display_name":"spatiotemporal reconstruction","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peloton","display_name":"peloton","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometeorology","display_name":"biometeorology","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-safety","display_name":"sports safety","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-heat","display_name":"extreme heat","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-scheduling","display_name":"event scheduling","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectators","display_name":"spectators","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987418964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242165","display_name":"Heat stress","level":2,"score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5464000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75043328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910009","display_name":"Wet-bulb globe temperature","level":3,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993220731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Heat wave","level":3,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993190167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Extreme heat","level":3,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205537798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Extreme weather","level":3,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777129202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190107","display_name":"Weather station","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993198626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320","display_name":"Air movement","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69332959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2141844","display_name":"Heat index","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158960510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Relative humidity","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11319470/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11319470/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11319470/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225417819.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225417819.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981048880","https://openalex.org/W2005107454","https://openalex.org/W2118410993","https://openalex.org/W2149187735","https://openalex.org/W2597689547","https://openalex.org/W2606709177","https://openalex.org/W2805115136","https://openalex.org/W2811426145","https://openalex.org/W2951772479","https://openalex.org/W3016169806","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3042785817","https://openalex.org/W3048660708","https://openalex.org/W3126521778","https://openalex.org/W4210528561","https://openalex.org/W4210729794","https://openalex.org/W4220970605","https://openalex.org/W4292092883","https://openalex.org/W4297014661","https://openalex.org/W4400225638","https://openalex.org/W4400901707","https://openalex.org/W4401111484","https://openalex.org/W4410951311","https://openalex.org/W4414248495","https://openalex.org/W7118757489","https://openalex.org/W7131267929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7131267929","https://openalex.org/W7171417520","https://openalex.org/W7214109404","https://openalex.org/W7212057834","https://openalex.org/W7162687232","https://openalex.org/W4402950440","https://openalex.org/W2794736456","https://openalex.org/W7170172079","https://openalex.org/W4406816900","https://openalex.org/W4410551795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Anthropogenic":[1],"climate":[2],"change":[3],"is":[4],"amplifying":[5],"the":[6,39,66,89,96,122,144,194],"intensity":[7],"and":[8,75,95,126,206],"frequency":[9],"of":[10,54,65,121,130],"extreme":[11],"summer":[12],"heat":[13,28,56,111],"across":[14,58],"Europe,":[15],"posing":[16],"critical":[17],"thermal":[18],"challenges":[19],"for":[20,117,150,196],"major":[21],"outdoor":[22],"endurance":[23],"events.":[24],"However,":[25],"existing":[26],"sports":[27,203],"protocols":[29,205],"typically":[30],"rely":[31],"on":[32],"static":[33,181],"weather":[34],"measurements,":[35],"failing":[36],"to":[37,108],"capture":[38],"microclimatic":[40],"variability":[41],"encountered":[42],"by":[43],"a":[44,50],"moving":[45],"event.":[46],"Here,":[47],"we":[48],"present":[49],"high-resolution":[51],"spatiotemporal":[52],"reconstruction":[53],"environmental":[55],"stress":[57,112],"all":[59],"21":[60],"stages":[61],"(~":[62,79],"3,323":[63],"km)":[64,120],"2026":[67],"Tour":[68],"de":[69],"France.":[70],"By":[71],"integrating":[72],"ERA5":[73],"reanalysis":[74],"WRF":[76],"mesoscale":[77],"modeling":[78],"1":[80],"km":[81,157],"resolution)":[82],"corrected":[83],"with":[84,102],"ground":[85],"station":[86],"networks,":[87],"modeled":[88],"Universal":[90],"Thermal":[91],"Climate":[92],"Index":[93],"(UTCI)":[94],"Wet-Bulb":[97],"Globe":[98],"Temperature":[99],"(WBGT)":[100],"paired":[101],"estimated":[103,131],"peloton":[104],"passage":[105],"times.":[106],"Strong":[107],"very":[109],"strong":[110],"(UTCI":[113],"\u2265":[114,154,165],"32\u00b0C)":[115],"accounted":[116],"60.5%":[118],"(2,009":[119],"total":[123],"route":[124],"distance":[125],"57.8%":[127],"(2,991":[128],"min)":[129],"riding":[132],"time,":[133],"peaking":[134],"at":[135],"44.5\u00b0C":[136],"in":[137,202],"Stage":[138],"4.":[139],"Although":[140],"no":[141],"segment":[142],"exceeded":[143],"Union":[145],"Cycliste":[146],"Internationale":[147],"(UCI)":[148],"threshold":[149],"stage":[151],"suspension":[152],"(WBGT":[153,164],"32.2\u00b0C),":[155],"175.9":[156],"fell":[158],"within":[159],"high-risk":[160],"Red":[161],"band":[162],"conditions":[163],"28\u00b0C).":[166],"This":[167],"index":[168],"divergence":[169],"reveals":[170],"that":[171],"while":[172],"dynamic":[173],"athlete":[174],"movement":[175],"can":[176],"mitigate":[177],"immediate":[178],"regulatory":[179],"breaches,":[180],"roadside":[182],"spectators":[183],"endure":[184],"prolonged":[185],"exposure":[186],"under":[187],"dangerous":[188],"radiant":[189],"loads.":[190],"These":[191],"findings":[192],"underscore":[193],"need":[195],"mobile,":[197],"spatiotemporally":[198],"resolved":[199],"biometeorological":[200],"frameworks":[201],"safety":[204],"event":[207],"scheduling.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
