{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225417599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","title":"Tremor Morphology Toolkit: Waveform Modulation-Based Tremor Phenotyping","display_name":"Tremor Morphology Toolkit: Waveform Modulation-Based Tremor Phenotyping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225417599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/06/2026.11.05.26367334.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/06/2026.11.05.26367334.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113534449","display_name":"Praphulla Narahar Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-6691","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-6691"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prajakta Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve University;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-6691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120221412","display_name":"Yuri Borges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuri Borges","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126252710","display_name":"Sanjay Pandey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, India;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, India;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010835736","display_name":"Marie Vidailhet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-9143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-9143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152724","display_name":"Institut du Cerveau","ror":"https://ror.org/050gn5214","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210096427","https://openalex.org/I4210152724"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Vidailhet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paris Brain Institute;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paris Brain Institute;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002674323","display_name":"Victor S.C. Fung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-2282","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-2282"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sydney;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005566965","display_name":"Mark Hallett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-6811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-6811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Hallett","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIH;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIH;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046826096","display_name":"Hyder Azad Jinnah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3969"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyder A Jinnah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052627702","display_name":"Alfonso A. Fasano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5346-0180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5346-0180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Fasano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152088423","display_name":"Aasef G. Shaikh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aasef G Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve University;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5152088423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.5127000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.5127000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":0.3009999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.022099999710917473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tremor","display_name":"tremor","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limb-tremor","display_name":"upper limb tremor","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-sensors","display_name":"inertial sensors","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer-and-gyroscope","display_name":"accelerometer and gyroscope","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-variation","display_name":"amplitude variation","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-bandwidth","display_name":"spectral bandwidth","score":0.7799999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780112193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693519","display_name":"Essential tremor","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100533687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156424","display_name":"Metronome","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89838059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623738","display_name":"Coefficient of variation","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/06/2026.11.05.26367334.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.26367334","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/11/06/2026.11.05.26367334.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1145154600","display_name":"Dystonia Coalition","funder_award_id":"U54NS065701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3152249624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS116025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338396","funder_display_name":"Dystonia Coalition"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3885130535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS065701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338396","funder_display_name":"Dystonia Coalition"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7119555142","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR001456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338396","funder_display_name":"Dystonia Coalition"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310567","display_name":"Boston Scientific Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0385es521"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338396","display_name":"Dystonia Coalition","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225417599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225417599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1917565734","https://openalex.org/W1973422424","https://openalex.org/W1973873003","https://openalex.org/W1983483138","https://openalex.org/W2023590198","https://openalex.org/W2115375665","https://openalex.org/W2139349309","https://openalex.org/W2141564957","https://openalex.org/W2281923782","https://openalex.org/W2538067752","https://openalex.org/W2608301715","https://openalex.org/W2736170441","https://openalex.org/W3014550886","https://openalex.org/W3033975735","https://openalex.org/W3085287851","https://openalex.org/W3089468834","https://openalex.org/W3211190845","https://openalex.org/W4205806204","https://openalex.org/W4210565590","https://openalex.org/W4213200731","https://openalex.org/W4225985311","https://openalex.org/W4232582350","https://openalex.org/W4285123169","https://openalex.org/W4404043483","https://openalex.org/W4405805926","https://openalex.org/W4406086967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213996675","https://openalex.org/W4413140660","https://openalex.org/W2520547299","https://openalex.org/W2058033943","https://openalex.org/W2936365419","https://openalex.org/W2339778512","https://openalex.org/W1980419756","https://openalex.org/W2099663092","https://openalex.org/W4289731127","https://openalex.org/W2903626861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinicians":[0],"typically":[1],"characterize":[2],"tremor":[3,22,28,72,160,177,201,252],"by":[4,199],"its":[5,24,106],"frequency,":[6],"amplitude,":[7],"and":[8,23,34,38,64,81,148,157,183,203,227,236,254],"body":[9],"region":[10],"affected.":[11],"Other":[12],"aspects":[13],"also":[14],"provide":[15],"critical":[16],"clues":[17],"to":[18,186,193,248],"the":[19,42,99,112,121,167,171,176,220],"type":[20],"of":[21,93,102,114,116,123,125,159,175,214],"underlying":[25,251],"pathophysiology":[26],"including":[27],"waveform":[29,50],"morphology,":[30],"consistency":[31,89],"across":[32,73,224],"cycles,":[33],"variability":[35],"in":[36,166,205],"amplitude":[37,130,161,174,197],"timing.":[39],"We":[40,179],"introduce":[41],"Tremor":[43],"Morphology":[44],"Toolkit":[45],"(TMT),":[46],"an":[47],"eight":[48],"metric,":[49],"derived":[51],"panel":[52],"that":[53],"quantifies":[54],"these":[55,243],"features":[56,215],"from":[57,67,164],"upper":[58],"limb":[59],"inertial":[60],"signals.":[61],"Using":[62],"accelerometer":[63],"gyroscope":[65],"recordings":[66],"34":[68],"individuals":[69],"with":[70,105,245],"upper-extremity":[71],"four":[74],"standardized":[75],"tasks":[76],"(rest,":[77],"outstretched,":[78],"wing":[79],"beating,":[80],"kinetic),":[82],"we":[83],"computed:":[84],"(i)":[85],"rSHAPE,":[86],"cycle":[87,104,117,126],"shape":[88],"via":[90],"pairwise":[91],"similarity":[92],"normalized":[94],"cycles;":[95],"(ii)":[96],"rSINE,":[97],"sinusoidality,":[98],"mean":[100],"correlation":[101],"each":[103],"best":[107],"fit":[108],"sinusoid;":[109],"(iii)":[110],"rCVA,":[111],"coefficient":[113,122],"variation":[115,124],"amplitude;":[118],"(iv)":[119],"rCVD,":[120],"duration;":[127],"(v)":[128],"AWI,":[129],"warping":[131,136],"index;":[132,137],"(vi)":[133],"DWI,":[134],"duration":[135],"(vii)":[138],"FreqVar,":[139],"a":[140,206,229],"spectral":[141],"bandwidth":[142],"indexing":[143],"power":[144],"weighted":[145],"frequency":[146,196],"spread;":[147],"(viii)":[149],"Amplitude":[150],"Breathing":[151],"indices,":[152],"which":[153],"quantify":[154],"slow":[155],"waxing":[156],"waning":[158],"over":[162],"time":[163,172],"fluctuations":[165],"signal":[168],"envelope,":[169],"representing":[170],"varying":[173],"waveform.":[178],"detail":[180],"algorithms,":[181],"parameterizations,":[182],"implementation":[184],"defaults":[185],"support":[187],"reproducible":[188],"use.":[189],"TMT":[190],"is":[191],"designed":[192],"complement":[194],"conventional":[195],"measures":[198,247],"capturing":[200],"morphology":[202],"modulation":[204],"simple,":[207],"interpretable":[208],"framework.":[209],"It":[210],"enables":[211],"objective":[212],"quantification":[213],"often":[216],"assessed":[217],"qualitatively":[218],"at":[219],"bedside,":[221],"facilitates":[222],"comparisons":[223],"recording":[225],"conditions,":[226],"provides":[228],"foundation":[230],"for":[231],"validation":[232],"against":[233],"clinical":[234],"labels":[235],"disease":[237],"phenotypes.":[238],"Future":[239],"studies":[240],"can":[241],"integrate":[242],"parameters":[244],"electrophysiological":[246],"investigate":[249],"mechanisms":[250],"generation":[253],"modulation.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
