{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225416290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","title":"Trust- and Energy-Aware Federated Learning for Robust and Sustainable IoT Edge Intelligence: Full-System Evaluation on PAMAP2 and Cross-Domain Robustness Assessment on CICIoT2023","display_name":"Trust- and Energy-Aware Federated Learning for Robust and Sustainable IoT Edge Intelligence: Full-System Evaluation on PAMAP2 and Cross-Domain Robustness Assessment on CICIoT2023","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225416290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162111005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001926243","display_name":"Manuel J. C. S. Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60858718","display_name":"University of Aveiro","ror":"https://ror.org/00nt41z93","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel J. C. S. Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","IEETA\u2014Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8872-5721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IEETA\u2014Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60858718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016202997","display_name":"Carlos Ser\u00f4dio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-9664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-9664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252451","display_name":"Centro ALGORITMI","ror":"https://ror.org/05w8p0566","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ser\u00f4dio","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-9664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252451","https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012981934","display_name":"Frederico Branco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155381812","display_name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro","ror":"https://ror.org/03qc8vh97","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederico Branco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-4887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001926243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155381812","https://openalex.org/I60858718"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"11005","last_page":"11005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-attacks","display_name":"Byzantine attacks","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-iid-data","display_name":"non-IID data","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-aggregation","display_name":"robust aggregation","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-domain-robustness","display_name":"cross-domain robustness","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pamap2","display_name":"PAMAP2","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciciot2023-dataset","display_name":"CICIoT2023","score":0.9829999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2646999955177307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162111005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162111005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162111005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033079433","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2117897510","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2798720628","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2996769125","https://openalex.org/W3037871107","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W4241727697","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4387870218","https://openalex.org/W4401326396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161032065","https://openalex.org/W7135369301","https://openalex.org/W7160324152","https://openalex.org/W7168171482","https://openalex.org/W4392175280","https://openalex.org/W7224585672","https://openalex.org/W4387870218","https://openalex.org/W7167676959","https://openalex.org/W7212129701","https://openalex.org/W4390790028"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"supports":[3],"collaborative":[4],"edge":[5],"intelligence":[6],"without":[7],"centralizing":[8],"raw":[9],"data,":[10,13],"but":[11,93,115],"non-IID":[12],"Byzantine":[14],"attacks,":[15],"and":[16,40,42,64,72,89,97,110,137],"limited":[17],"client":[18,38],"energy":[19,36],"complicate":[20],"IoT":[21],"deployment.":[22],"We":[23],"study":[24],"two":[25],"complementary":[26],"server-side":[27],"mechanisms:":[28],"TEA-FL,":[29],"which":[30,44],"couples":[31],"consistency-based":[32],"trust":[33,126],"with":[34,68],"residual":[35],"in":[37],"selection":[39,132],"aggregation,":[41],"ARL-FL,":[43],"separates":[45],"risk/lifetime-aware":[46],"scheduling":[47],"from":[48,60],"pressure-adaptive":[49],"robust":[50],"aggregation.":[51],"A":[52],"matched":[53],"two-domain":[54],"protocol":[55],"distinguishes":[56],"full-system":[57],"PAMAP2":[58,87,113],"evidence":[59,63],"aggregation-focused":[61],"CICIoT2023":[62],"combines":[65],"fold/seed-level":[66],"inference":[67],"ablations,":[69],"targeted":[70],"sensitivities,":[71],"complete-round":[73],"overhead":[74],"measurements.":[75],"Under":[76],"the":[77,84,106,118],"primary":[78],"simulated":[79],"resource":[80],"model,":[81],"TEA-FL":[82],"achieved":[83],"highest":[85],"overall":[86],"Macro-F1":[88],"lowest":[90],"normalized":[91],"energy,":[92],"reduced":[94],"participation":[95],"fairness":[96],"did":[98],"not":[99],"complete":[100],"every":[101],"nominal-horizon":[102],"run.":[103],"ARL-FL":[104],"preserved":[105],"largest":[107],"active-client":[108],"population":[109],"completed":[111],"all":[112],"runs,":[114],"failed":[116],"under":[117,144],"strongest":[119],"sign-flip":[120,129],"attack.":[121,146],"Focused":[122],"controls":[123],"showed":[124],"that":[125],"drives":[127,133],"TEA-FL\u2019s":[128],"robustness,":[130],"energy-aware":[131],"ARL-FL\u2019s":[134],"sustainability":[135],"benefit,":[136],"simpler":[138],"fixed":[139],"clipping-plus-trimming":[140],"can":[141],"be":[142],"competitive":[143],"strong":[145],"The":[147],"results":[148],"support":[149],"context-dependent":[150],"robustness\u2013sustainability":[151],"trade-offs":[152],"rather":[153],"than":[154],"universal":[155],"superiority.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}