{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225414700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","title":"Self-Care Management and its Effects on Blood Glucose Levels of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria","display_name":"Self-Care Management and its Effects on Blood Glucose Levels of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225414700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11051509/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11051509/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003927523","display_name":"Oluwaseun Oyebode Abiodun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130155654","display_name":"Achievers University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vqvef44","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130155654"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwaseun O Abiodun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Achievers University, Faculty of Nursing Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Achievers University, Faculty of Nursing Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130155654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011790683","display_name":"Ajoke Basirat Akinola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7738-5648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7738-5648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130155654","display_name":"Achievers University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vqvef44","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130155654"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajoke B. Akinola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Achievers University, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Achievers University, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130155654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111192125","display_name":"Otowve Agofure","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otowve Agofure","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delta, Department of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delta, Department of Public Health","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161087076","display_name":"Anita Oparaji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405253191","display_name":"Chrisland University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d1mx684","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405253191"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anita Oparaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chrisland University, Faculty of Nursing Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chrisland University, Faculty of Nursing Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405253191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138408898","display_name":"PerfectGod'sgift Nnamdi BASIL","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230269253","display_name":"Joseph Ayo Babalola University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t9p4363","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230269253"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PerfectGodsgift Nnamdi Basil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joseph Ayo Babalola University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joseph Ayo Babalola University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230269253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-care-management","display_name":"self-care management","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperglycemia","display_name":"hyperglycemia","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoglycemia","display_name":"hypoglycemia","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-self-management-education","display_name":"diabetes self-management education","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-adherence","display_name":"medication adherence","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-glucose-monitoring","display_name":"blood glucose monitoring","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-management","display_name":"dietary management","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise","display_name":"physical activity","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-burden","display_name":"financial burden","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-involvement-in-care","display_name":"family involvement in care","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatients","display_name":"outpatients","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot-care","display_name":"foot care","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-education","display_name":"patient education","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.847100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.7559000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625","display_name":"Checklist","level":2,"score":0.7146999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780485761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275157","display_name":"Blood sugar","level":3,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100363876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690661","display_name":"Nonprobability sampling","level":3,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931511","display_name":"Neglect","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779524580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927806","display_name":"Blood glucose monitoring","level":3,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776217022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100933","display_name":"Diabetes management","level":4,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758","display_name":"Hypoglycemia","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775860198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257872","display_name":"Public hospital","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910150201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572348","display_name":"Fasting blood sugar","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017649214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854","display_name":"Sri lanka","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908918659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927806","display_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","level":5,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11051509/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11051509/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11051509/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225414700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225414700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111054748","https://openalex.org/W2114902744","https://openalex.org/W2257540620","https://openalex.org/W2560492121","https://openalex.org/W2799614871","https://openalex.org/W2886442927","https://openalex.org/W2901515877","https://openalex.org/W2938919280","https://openalex.org/W2939633281","https://openalex.org/W2954138514","https://openalex.org/W2990202343","https://openalex.org/W3014657877","https://openalex.org/W3020556212","https://openalex.org/W3031721995","https://openalex.org/W3035109649","https://openalex.org/W3037195310","https://openalex.org/W3128059148","https://openalex.org/W3128823133","https://openalex.org/W3134027251","https://openalex.org/W4206187639","https://openalex.org/W4296838211","https://openalex.org/W4309107018","https://openalex.org/W4383217689","https://openalex.org/W4385986619","https://openalex.org/W4391886349","https://openalex.org/W4396765576","https://openalex.org/W4402435259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416121810","https://openalex.org/W4396238863","https://openalex.org/W3130179117","https://openalex.org/W4385284754","https://openalex.org/W4390840242","https://openalex.org/W7214966230","https://openalex.org/W4392753594","https://openalex.org/W4385631805","https://openalex.org/W3112173301","https://openalex.org/W4408624707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Diabetes":[1],"Mellitus":[2],"is":[3,53,301,328],"a":[4,112,124,127,169,177,204,318],"serious":[5],"non-communicable":[6],"public":[7],"health":[8],"disease":[9],"that":[10,38,213,216,231,330],"affects":[11],"people":[12],"of":[13,30,50,61,103,123,154,180,233,261,277,353,360],"all":[14],"age":[15,179],"groups,":[16],"more":[17],"so,":[18],"in":[19,23,160,263,356],"their":[20,282,324],"productive":[21],"years":[22],"sub-Saharan":[24],"Africa,":[25],"with":[26,95,143],"Nigeria":[27],"being":[28],"one":[29],"the":[31,39,59,73,109,121,155,161,183,234,259,278,289,357],"worst":[32],"hit.":[33],"It":[34,209],"has":[35],"been":[36],"observed":[37],"rate":[40],"at":[41,76,224],"which":[42],"T2DM":[43,69,361],"patients":[44,94,105,290,362],"develop":[45],"complications":[46],"due":[47],"to":[48,222,237,274,295,303,307],"neglect":[49],"self-care":[51,62,218],"practices":[52],"alarming.":[54],"Therefore,":[55,326],"this":[56],"study":[57,82,110],"assessed":[58],"outcomes":[60],"management":[63],"on":[64,337],"blood":[65,251,340],"glucose":[66,195,201],"control":[67],"among":[68,92],"outpatients":[70],"who":[71],"attend":[72],"endocrinology":[74],"clinic":[75],"Federal":[77],"Medical":[78],"Centre,":[79],"Owo.":[80],"The":[81,134,174,226,285],"employed":[83],"an":[84],"exploratory":[85],"sequential":[86],"mixed-methods":[87],"design":[88],"and":[89,129,149,164,249,269,313,344],"was":[90,118,210],"conducted":[91],"adult":[93],"type":[96],"2":[97],"diabetes":[98,239,308],"mellitus":[99],"(T2DM).":[100],"A":[101],"total":[102],"109":[104,156],"were":[106,137,158,166,185],"recruited":[107],"for":[108,351],"using":[111,139,168,254],"purposive":[113],"sampling":[114],"method.":[115,173],"Data":[116],"collection":[117],"done":[119],"through":[120,240],"use":[122],"structured":[125],"questionnaire,":[126],"checklist":[128],"ERBA":[130],"MANNHEIM":[131],"(XL-200)":[132],"analyser.":[133],"quantitative":[135],"data":[136,165],"analysed":[138,167],"SPSS":[140],"version":[141],"28.0":[142],"simple":[144],"percentages,":[145],"frequencies,":[146],"logistic":[147],"regression":[148],"Chi-square.":[150],"Eleven":[151],"(11)":[152],"out":[153],"participants":[157,235,257,279],"involved":[159],"qualitative":[162,227],"strand,":[163],"conventional":[170],"content":[171],"analysis":[172],"result":[175,229],"showed":[176],"mean":[178],"51.3\u00b125,":[181],"while":[182],"majority":[184],"females,":[186],"64(58.7%).":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"majority,":[189],"69(63%),":[190],"had":[191,199,207,321],"hyperglycemia,":[192],"indicating":[193],"poor":[194,217],"control,":[196],"as":[197,267,368],"29(27%)":[198],"normal":[200],"levels.":[202],"However,":[203],"few":[205],"11(10%)":[206],"hypoglycemia.":[208],"also":[211],"revealed":[212,230],"33(30.3%)":[214],"reported":[215,280],"does":[219],"not":[220],"apply":[221],"them":[223],"all.":[225],"strand":[228],"most":[232],"claimed":[236],"manage":[238],"strict":[241],"meal":[242],"plans,":[243],"avoiding":[244],"sugary":[245],"or":[246],"fried":[247],"foods,":[248],"monitoring":[250],"sugar":[252,341],"daily":[253],"glucometers.":[255],"Some":[256],"recognised":[258],"importance":[260],"engaging":[262],"various":[264],"exercises,":[265],"such":[266,367],"walking":[268],"indoor":[270],"dancing.":[271],"Regarding":[272],"adherence":[273],"medications,":[275],"some":[276],"taking":[281],"prescribed":[283],"drugs.":[284],"challenges":[286],"faced":[287],"by":[288,363],"ranged":[291],"from":[292],"financial":[293],"burden":[294],"emotional":[296],"unrest.":[297],"In":[298],"conclusion,":[299],"it":[300,327],"important":[302],"consider":[304],"personalised":[305],"approach":[306],"care,":[309],"considering":[310],"both":[311],"educational":[312,369],"gender-related":[314],"factors":[315],"especially":[316],"because":[317],"significant":[319],"number":[320],"hyperglycaemia":[322],"despite":[323],"submissions.":[325],"recommended":[329],"patients\u2019":[331],"education":[332],"should":[333,349],"be":[334],"enhanced,":[335],"particularly":[336],"healthy":[338],"diets,":[339],"monitoring,":[342],"exercise,":[343],"foot":[345],"care.":[346],"Healthcare":[347],"providers":[348],"advocate":[350],"involvement":[352],"family":[354],"members":[355],"care":[358],"processes":[359],"integrating":[364],"family-focused":[365],"interventions,":[366],"sessions.":[370]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}