{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225413451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","title":"Machine learning-based prediction models for postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Machine learning-based prediction models for postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225413451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197988427","display_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","issn_l":"1471-2253","issn":["1471-2253"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159996103","display_name":"Jiaqi Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136213","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03qwdkr25","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736267","display_name":"Yang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-7745","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-7745"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136213","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03qwdkr25","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161112464","display_name":"Chongyang Meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136213","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03qwdkr25","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyang Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100689299","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-2119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2781-2119","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8640-8628","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5584-1964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136213","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03qwdkr25","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055671506","display_name":"Jiangwen Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-6277","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-6277"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102208913","display_name":"Shihezi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04x0kvm78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102208913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136213","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03qwdkr25","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangwen Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-6277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055671506","https://openalex.org/A5100689299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102208913","https://openalex.org/I4210136213"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11785","display_name":"Nausea and vomiting management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11785","display_name":"Nausea and vomiting management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12020","display_name":"Enhanced Recovery After Surgery","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postoperative-nausea-and-vomiting","display_name":"postoperative nausea and vomiting","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-performance","display_name":"predictive performance","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias","display_name":"risk of bias","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-surgery","display_name":"general surgery","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-generalization","display_name":"model generalization","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-bias","display_name":"publication bias","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-odds-ratio","display_name":"diagnostic odds ratio","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"area under the receiver operating characteristic","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probast-ai","display_name":"PROBAST+AI","score":0.6759999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8277000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157481446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270351","display_name":"Diagnostic odds ratio","level":3,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779526319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615057","display_name":"Anesthesiology","level":2,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777297131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658731","display_name":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting","level":3,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127808970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385989","display_name":"Bonferroni correction","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780580376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186889","display_name":"Nausea","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144301174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7893852","display_name":"Univariate analysis","level":3,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150241267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336285","display_name":"Risk management tools","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197988427","display_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","issn_l":"1471-2253","issn":["1471-2253"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-026-04407-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197988427","display_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","issn_l":"1471-2253","issn":["1471-2253"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Anesthesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154835312","https://openalex.org/W4408675438","https://openalex.org/W4366590261","https://openalex.org/W4387230434","https://openalex.org/W4417102147","https://openalex.org/W7211916619","https://openalex.org/W4416769541","https://openalex.org/W4415469036","https://openalex.org/W2170698208","https://openalex.org/W1783804422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Postoperative":[2],"nausea":[3],"and":[4,15,23,50,63,78,110,112,140,180,214,269,298,332],"vomiting":[5],"(PONV)":[6],"occurs":[7],"in":[8,16,221],"approximately":[9],"30%":[10],"of":[11,20,31,65,84,88,90,108,208,233,257,267,272],"general":[12],"surgical":[13],"patients":[14],"up":[17],"to":[18,40,197],"80%":[19],"high-risk":[21],"patients,":[22],"is":[24,262],"a":[25,117,162,265,270],"common":[26],"problem":[27],"affecting":[28],"the":[29,91,106,166,191,200,222,226,276,312],"quality":[30,49,334],"postoperative":[32],"recovery.":[33],"Machine":[34],"learning":[35],"(ML)":[36],"has":[37],"been":[38,55],"used":[39,104],"develop":[41],"PONV":[42,75,164,261,283],"risk":[43,207,213,232],"prediction":[44,76],"models,":[45,202],"but":[46,248],"their":[47],"methodological":[48,333],"clinical":[51],"utility":[52],"have":[53],"not":[54,239],"systematically":[56,68],"evaluated.":[57],"Methods":[58],"PubMed,":[59],"Embase,":[60],"Cochrane":[61],"Library":[62],"Web":[64],"Science":[66],"were":[67,103,114,124,146,204,307],"searched":[69],"for":[70,260,296,302],"studies":[71,145,290],"that":[72,275],"developed":[73],"ML-based":[74],"models":[77,93,259,277,327],"reported":[79],"at":[80,205,211,216,230,280,285],"least":[81],"one":[82],"measure":[83],"predictive":[85,255],"performance.":[86],"Risk":[87],"bias":[89,243],"included":[92,147,156,305],"was":[94,169,251,291],"assessed":[95],"with":[96,161,219,264,315],"PROBAST":[97],"+":[98],"AI.":[99],"Independent":[100],"validation":[101,136,159],"cohorts":[102,160,306,317],"as":[105],"unit":[107],"analysis,":[109],"sensitivity":[111,174,266,297],"specificity":[113,177,271],"pooled":[115,167,192],"using":[116],"bivariate":[118],"random-effects":[119],"model.":[120],"Exploratory":[121],"subgroup":[122],"analyses":[123],"performed":[125],"by":[126],"outcome":[127],"definition,":[128],"time":[129],"window,":[130],"classification":[131],"threshold,":[132],"region,":[133],"study":[134],"design,":[135],"method,":[137],"surgery":[138],"type":[139],"model":[141],"type.":[142],"Results":[143],"Twenty-one":[144],"(120":[148],"model\u2013outcome":[149],"units;":[150],"285,001":[151],"patients).":[152],"The":[153,235,254],"primary":[154],"analysis":[155,223],"six":[157],"independent":[158,329],"composite":[163],"outcome;":[165],"AUROC":[168,193],"0.85":[170],"(95%":[171],"CI":[172],"0.70\u20130.91),":[173],"0.74":[175,268],"(0.60\u20130.85),":[176],"0.82":[178],"(0.69\u20130.90),":[179],"diagnostic":[181],"odds":[182],"ratio":[183],"12.8":[184],"(4.6\u201335.7).":[185],"Across":[186],"exploratory":[187],"subgroups":[188],"(2\u20139":[189],"cohorts),":[190],"ranged":[194],"from":[195,308,318],"0.63":[196],"0.91.":[198],"Among":[199],"120":[201],"50.0%":[203],"high":[206,231],"bias,":[209],"35.8%":[210],"unclear":[212],"14.2%":[215],"low":[217],"risk,":[218],"problems":[220],"domain":[224],"being":[225],"most":[227],"prominent":[228],"(83.3%":[229],"bias).":[234],"Deeks":[236],"test":[237],"did":[238],"indicate":[240],"significant":[241],"publication":[242],"(":[244],"P":[245],"=":[246,294,300],"0.42),":[247],"its":[249],"power":[250],"limited.":[252],"Conclusions":[253],"performance":[256],"existing":[258],"moderate,":[263],"0.82,":[273],"suggesting":[274],"are":[278],"better":[279],"ruling":[281],"out":[282],"than":[284],"identifying":[286],"it.":[287],"Heterogeneity":[288],"between":[289],"substantial":[292],"(I\u00b2":[293],"89.2%":[295],"I\u00b2":[299],"94.5%":[301],"specificity).":[303],"All":[304],"East":[309],"Asia":[310],"or":[311,320],"Middle":[313],"East,":[314],"no":[316],"Europe":[319],"North":[321],"America,":[322],"which":[323],"limits":[324],"generalisability.":[325],"Most":[326],"lacked":[328],"external":[330],"validation,":[331],"needs":[335],"improvement.":[336],"\u200bRegistration":[337],"PROSPERO":[338],"(CRD420261439841).":[339]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
