{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225410161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","title":"The carbon at risk measure for managing carbon removal risk and guiding portfolio construction","display_name":"The carbon at risk measure for managing carbon removal risk and guiding portfolio construction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225410161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-026-02785-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183584863","display_name":"Nature Climate Change","issn_l":"1758-678X","issn":["1758-678X","1758-6798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Climate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-026-02785-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134101183","display_name":"Bali Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-0959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-0959"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bali Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Resilient Solutions, London, UK","Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-0959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Resilient Solutions, London, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119233073","display_name":"Tom Bearpark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6770-9549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6770-9549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Bearpark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dragon Capital Chair in Biodiversity Economics, LEEP Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK","Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6770-9549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dragon Capital Chair in Biodiversity Economics, LEEP Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084981031","display_name":"Oleksandr Kit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-6858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-6858"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleksandr Kit","raw_affiliation_strings":["CarbonPool, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-6858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CarbonPool, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119738210","display_name":"Delia Meth-Cohn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Delia Meth-Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119738211","display_name":"Frederic Olbert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic Olbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["CarbonPool, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CarbonPool, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029232194","display_name":"Frank Venmans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-6606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-6606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Venmans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-6606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134172055","display_name":"Gabrielle Walker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["CUR8, London, UK","Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CUR8, London, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rethinking Removals, Crawley, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134116633","display_name":"Paul Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-6780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-6780"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kita, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-6780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kita, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005991928","display_name":"Ben Groom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-143X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-143X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Groom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dragon Capital Chair in Biodiversity Economics, LEEP Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK","Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0729-143X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dragon Capital Chair in Biodiversity Economics, LEEP Institute, Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School, Exeter, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005991928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803","https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"fwci":4.3524,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88658645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.6958000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.6958000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11976","display_name":"Capital Investment and Risk Analysis","score":0.07320000231266022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11753","display_name":"Forest Management and Policy","score":0.04600000008940697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-dioxide-removal","display_name":"carbon dioxide removal","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-at-risk","display_name":"value at risk","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio-construction","display_name":"portfolio construction","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tail-risk","display_name":"tail risk","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-carbon","display_name":"forest carbon","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geological-co2-storage","display_name":"CO2 geological storage","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance-pricing","display_name":"insurance pricing","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reserve-funds","display_name":"reserve funds","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buffer-sizing","display_name":"buffer sizing","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31087","display_name":"Calculator","level":2,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6467999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781472820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154759","display_name":"Risk measure","level":3,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76073288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337875","display_name":"Financial risk","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9725762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072885","display_name":"Modern portfolio theory","level":3,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5037942","display_name":"Carbon capture and storage (timeline)","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94128290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q963287","display_name":"Value at risk","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-026-02785-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183584863","display_name":"Nature Climate Change","issn_l":"1758-678X","issn":["1758-678X","1758-6798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Climate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-026-02785-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-026-02785-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183584863","display_name":"Nature Climate Change","issn_l":"1758-678X","issn":["1758-678X","1758-6798"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature Climate Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1142214880","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/W004941/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3358225148","display_name":"The Economics of Biodiversity Additionality (BIOADD)","funder_award_id":"NE/X002292/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3388036039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F 2022/1448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309951","funder_display_name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Milj\u00f6strategisk Forskning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3454378292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022/1448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309951","funder_display_name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Milj\u00f6strategisk Forskning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3762383772","display_name":"Renewing biodiversity through a people-in-nature approach (RENEW)","funder_award_id":"NE/W004941/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4045726247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/X002292/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4168391863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/R009708/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333365","funder_display_name":"Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, University of Leeds"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4801184918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/R009708/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333367","funder_display_name":"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G48760683","display_name":"ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy - Transition Phase","funder_award_id":"ES/R009708/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8031100521","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/R009708/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","funder_display_name":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309951","display_name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r Milj\u00f6strategisk Forskning","ror":"https://ror.org/00pyxrd04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312710","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333365","display_name":"Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/03tsg3y65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333367","display_name":"Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225410161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225410161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1647779468","https://openalex.org/W2019291268","https://openalex.org/W2149521176","https://openalex.org/W2178201425","https://openalex.org/W2261784637","https://openalex.org/W2773667339","https://openalex.org/W2797035059","https://openalex.org/W3088138537","https://openalex.org/W4289890869","https://openalex.org/W4317036873","https://openalex.org/W4362523711","https://openalex.org/W4383197514","https://openalex.org/W4386127076","https://openalex.org/W4388020329","https://openalex.org/W4393224921","https://openalex.org/W4402901098","https://openalex.org/W4403586852","https://openalex.org/W4407415629","https://openalex.org/W4408902327","https://openalex.org/W4411874381","https://openalex.org/W4413946631","https://openalex.org/W4417031875","https://openalex.org/W6962651589","https://openalex.org/W7139989088","https://openalex.org/W7213530806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213276650","https://openalex.org/W4414534772","https://openalex.org/W4405602873","https://openalex.org/W2206102248","https://openalex.org/W2325504184","https://openalex.org/W2883138339","https://openalex.org/W4254187656","https://openalex.org/W1607495730","https://openalex.org/W6944831267","https://openalex.org/W7124738925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Carbon":[1],"removal":[2],"markets":[3],"lack":[4],"a":[5,26,39,65,106,119,135],"standardized,":[6],"quantitative":[7],"measure":[8,28],"of":[9,29,69,117,129],"permanence":[10,120],"risk.":[11],"Inspired":[12],"by":[13,60],"value":[14],"at":[15,23,38],"risk":[16,24,112,131],"in":[17,49,105],"financial":[18],"markets,":[19],"we":[20],"propose":[21],"carbon":[22],"(CaR):":[25],"probabilistic":[27],"the":[30,84,90,124],"shortfall":[31],"between":[32],"contracted":[33],"removals":[34],"and":[35,43,78,126,144,150],"realized":[36],"storage":[37],"given":[40],"confidence":[41],"level":[42],"time":[44],"horizon.":[45],"We":[46],"calibrate":[47],"CaR":[48,68,92,133],"two":[50],"proof-of-concept":[51],"applications:":[52],"forest":[53],"carbon,":[54],"where":[55,81],"Monte":[56],"Carlo":[57],"simulations":[58,82],"driven":[59],"satellite":[61],"fire":[62],"data":[63],"yield":[64],"single-project":[66],"95%":[67,91],"more":[70],"than":[71],"70%":[72],"over":[73,147],"200":[74],"years":[75],"for":[76,138],"California,":[77],"geological":[79],"storage,":[80],"using":[83],"Storage":[85],"Security":[86],"Calculator":[87],"show":[88],"that":[89],"ranges":[93],"from":[94],"0.15%":[95],"(well-regulated":[96],"offshore)":[97],"to":[98],"17%":[99],"(poorly":[100],"regulated":[101],"onshore).":[102],"Combining":[103],"technologies":[104],"portfolio":[107],"can":[108],"help":[109],"manage":[110],"tail":[111],"cost-effectively.":[113],"The":[114],"minimum":[115],"cost":[116],"meeting":[118],"target":[121],"depends":[122],"on":[123],"magnitude":[125],"correlation":[127],"structure":[128],"key":[130],"factors.":[132],"provides":[134],"technology-agnostic":[136],"basis":[137],"risk-calibrated":[139],"buffer":[140],"sizing,":[141],"insurance":[142],"pricing":[143],"reserve-fund":[145],"design,":[146],"both":[148],"policy-":[149],"climate-relevant":[151],"horizons.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
