{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225410118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","title":"Weather-guided surrogate modeling of building energy use in Nepal and zero-shot generalization across South Asia","display_name":"Weather-guided surrogate modeling of building energy use in Nepal and zero-shot generalization across South Asia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225410118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31224/8728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/8728/14151/12355","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/8728/14151/12355","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161121957","display_name":"Aashish Katuwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2420-1635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2420-1635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129773","display_name":"Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03ny67e60","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263138","display_name":"Pulchowk Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/034bmrt60","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405263138"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aashish Katuwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["IOE Pulchowk Campus"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2420-1635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IOE Pulchowk Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405263138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161121957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405263138"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13263","display_name":"Building energy efficiency and sustainability","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-energy-consumption","display_name":"building energy consumption","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-modeling","display_name":"surrogate models","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-shot-generalization","display_name":"zero-shot generalization","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-performance-simulation","display_name":"building performance simulation","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energyplus","display_name":"EnergyPlus","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typical-meteorological-year","display_name":"typical meteorological year","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude-effects","display_name":"altitude effects","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-regime","display_name":"climate regime","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-training","display_name":"sliding window training","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-augmentation","display_name":"data augmentation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nepal","display_name":"Nepal","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-asia","display_name":"South Asia","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ulaanbaatar","display_name":"Ulaanbaatar","score":0.9670000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780068402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33823","display_name":"Nepali","level":2,"score":0.9560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019281177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771405","display_name":"South asia","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192465680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413450","display_name":"Precondition","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31224/8728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/8728/14151/12355","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/8728","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/8728","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/8728/14151","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401210","display_name":"Engineering Archive (engrXiv)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31224/8728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31224/8728","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/8728/14151/12355","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6725000143051147},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225410118.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225410118.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792764867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133342829","https://openalex.org/W7218819641","https://openalex.org/W4416704750","https://openalex.org/W4405801104","https://openalex.org/W4408185721","https://openalex.org/W3047631606","https://openalex.org/W4413616757","https://openalex.org/W3215355667","https://openalex.org/W7140084993","https://openalex.org/W7172487683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"performance":[1],"simulation":[2],"is":[3,16,119],"a":[4,29,88,120,156],"standard":[5],"tool":[6],"for":[7,122],"energy":[8,80],"codes,":[9],"retrofit":[10],"screening,":[11],"and":[12,125,152,190,226],"design,":[13],"but":[14],"it":[15,229],"seldom":[17],"used":[18],"in":[19,23,141,207],"Nepal":[20],"or":[21,219],"elsewhere":[22],"South":[24,145],"Asia.":[25],"This":[26,118],"paper":[27],"applies":[28],"recently":[30],"published":[31],"weekly":[32,79,150],"weather-guided":[33],"surrogate":[34],"framework":[35],"to":[36,99,109,115,163,171],"Nepal,":[37],"where":[38,243],"ten":[39,139],"typical-meteorological-year":[40],"stations":[41,77,86,218],"cover":[42],"72\u20132,300":[43],"m":[44],"of":[45,53,57,61,95,232,239],"elevation":[46],"within":[47,179],"roughly":[48],"200":[49],"km.":[50],"A":[51,71],"total":[52],"1,100":[54],"EnergyPlus":[55],"simulations":[56],"the":[58,75,100,135,142,160,166,184,187,195,237,244],"U.S.":[59],"Department":[60],"Energy":[62],"(DOE)":[63],"medium-office":[64],"prototype":[65],"were":[66,107],"run":[67],"at":[68,82,148,201],"22":[69],"locations.":[70],"transformer":[72],"trained":[73],"on":[74],"Nepali":[76,85,176,217],"predicted":[78,138],"use":[81,124],"fully":[83],"held-out":[84],"with":[87,155],"symmetric":[89],"mean":[90,162],"absolute":[91],"percentage":[92],"error":[93],"(SMAPE)":[94],"3.1\u20138.7%.":[96],"One":[97],"change":[98],"reference":[101],"method":[102],"was":[103,169,213],"required:":[104],"weather":[105],"inputs":[106],"scaled":[108],"fixed":[110],"physical":[111],"bounds":[112],"rather":[113,235],"than":[114,236],"per-location":[116],"statistics.":[117],"precondition":[121],"zero-shot":[123],"also":[126],"improved":[127],"transfer":[128],"between":[129],"climates.":[130],"With":[131],"no":[132],"local":[133],"simulation,":[134],"Nepal-trained":[136],"model":[137,245],"cities":[140],"other":[143],"seven":[144],"Asian":[146],"countries":[147],"3.1\u20135.9%":[149],"SMAPE,":[151],"sliding-window":[153],"training":[154,167,220,240],"three-seed":[157],"ensemble":[158],"reduced":[159],"regional":[161],"4.0%.":[164],"When":[165],"network":[168],"cut":[170],"three":[172,185],"stations,":[173],"every":[174,202],"unseen":[175],"station":[177,198],"stayed":[178],"5.7%":[180],"as":[181,183,209],"long":[182],"spanned":[186],"hot,":[188],"intermediate,":[189],"cold":[191,203],"regimes,":[192,234],"whereas":[193],"removing":[194],"single":[196],"cold-mountain":[197],"degraded":[199],"accuracy":[200],"city.":[204],"Ulaanbaatar,":[205],"designated":[206],"advance":[208],"outside":[210],"this":[211],"coverage,":[212],"consistently":[214],"underpredicted;":[215],"additional":[216],"windows":[221],"did":[222],"not":[223],"correct":[224],"this,":[225],"augmentation":[227],"made":[228],"worse.":[230],"Coverage":[231],"climate":[233],"volume":[238],"data,":[241],"determines":[242],"can":[246],"be":[247],"trusted.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
