{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225409097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","title":"Recognition of Intentional Eye-Movement Behaviors for Assistive Human\u2013Robot Interaction","display_name":"Recognition of Intentional Eye-Movement Behaviors for Assistive Human\u2013Robot Interaction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225409097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jemr19060128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2502673154","display_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","issn_l":"1995-8692","issn":["1995-8692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317811","host_organization_name":"Bern Open Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bern Open Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161119255","display_name":"Weifeng Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016270639","display_name":"Yangfei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8375-5091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8375-5091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangfei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161031677","display_name":"Renbo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3475-0183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3475-0183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renbo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3475-0183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775347","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-3133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-3133","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-7724","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-1345","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0897-2026","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2720-6065","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7725-6033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-1345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161003949","display_name":"Kaijiang Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaijiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161003949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"128","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze-interaction","display_name":"gaze-based interaction","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccades","display_name":"saccades","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"fixation","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intentional-movement","display_name":"intentional movement","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement-features","display_name":"eye movement features","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-selection","display_name":"target selection","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-impairment","display_name":"motor impairment","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assistive-robotics","display_name":"assistive robotics","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96439379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178805","display_name":"Joystick","level":2,"score":0.7789000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6798999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5953999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5924999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5893999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5787000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018905694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive device","level":2,"score":0.5375000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017715821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive technology","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019108329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751327","display_name":"Movement control","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jemr19060128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2502673154","display_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","issn_l":"1995-8692","issn":["1995-8692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317811","host_organization_name":"Bern Open Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bern Open Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jemr19060128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr19060128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2502673154","display_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","issn_l":"1995-8692","issn":["1995-8692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317811","host_organization_name":"Bern Open Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bern Open Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Eye Movement Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022327534","https://openalex.org/W2033362164","https://openalex.org/W2110228188","https://openalex.org/W2115123877","https://openalex.org/W2156548034","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2160350510","https://openalex.org/W2294096036","https://openalex.org/W2412521728","https://openalex.org/W2577026679","https://openalex.org/W2740827271","https://openalex.org/W2791425380","https://openalex.org/W2793187201","https://openalex.org/W2890941478","https://openalex.org/W2907176449","https://openalex.org/W2907540849","https://openalex.org/W2995030999","https://openalex.org/W2995294224","https://openalex.org/W3003973726","https://openalex.org/W3033559250","https://openalex.org/W3044789788","https://openalex.org/W3087847068","https://openalex.org/W3092221098","https://openalex.org/W3165831824","https://openalex.org/W3200530746","https://openalex.org/W3208033376","https://openalex.org/W4304203549","https://openalex.org/W4313886857","https://openalex.org/W4317553817","https://openalex.org/W4319990536","https://openalex.org/W4319999849","https://openalex.org/W4322576465","https://openalex.org/W4381189714","https://openalex.org/W4389665846","https://openalex.org/W4390872741","https://openalex.org/W4392645918","https://openalex.org/W4403333954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014245469","https://openalex.org/W4412174594","https://openalex.org/W4214572754","https://openalex.org/W4395689600","https://openalex.org/W7000420791","https://openalex.org/W4409992768","https://openalex.org/W2577026679","https://openalex.org/W2790215017","https://openalex.org/W6990151968","https://openalex.org/W3092839320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"individuals":[1],"with":[2,158,199],"limited":[3],"limb":[4],"function,":[5],"conventional":[6],"manual":[7],"control":[8,27,214],"methods":[9],"such":[10,48],"as":[11,31],"joysticks":[12],"are":[13,44],"not":[14],"readily":[15],"applicable":[16],"to":[17,114,129,163,186],"assistive":[18,83,224],"robot":[19,74,190,213],"operation,":[20],"highlighting":[21],"the":[22,131,143,150,159,165,171,205,208,216],"need":[23],"for":[24,47,67,211,223],"a":[25,120],"hands-free":[26,212],"method.":[28],"Eye":[29],"movements,":[30],"natural":[32],"signals":[33],"of":[34,170,207],"human":[35],"intention,":[36],"offer":[37],"advantages":[38],"in":[39],"intuitiveness":[40],"and":[41,43,60,76,112,139,155,179,189,219],"accessibility":[42],"particularly":[45],"suitable":[46],"scenarios.":[49],"However,":[50],"prior":[51],"studies":[52],"have":[53],"primarily":[54],"focused":[55],"on":[56,63,89],"fixation-based":[57],"gaze":[58],"interaction,":[59],"relying":[61],"solely":[62],"fixation":[64,178],"is":[65],"inadequate":[66],"human\u2013robot":[68,84,225],"interaction":[69,85],"tasks":[70],"that":[71],"involve":[72],"both":[73],"movement":[75,181,191],"target":[77,187],"selection.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"an":[82,94],"(HRI)":[86],"system":[87,196],"based":[88],"eye-movement":[90,95,101,107,116,133,161,166],"behavior":[91,102,117,134,167],"recognition.":[92],"First,":[93],"dataset":[96],"named":[97],"GazeRobDB":[98],"containing":[99],"four":[100,132],"classes":[103],"was":[104,127,156,197],"constructed.":[105],"Representative":[106],"features":[108,162],"were":[109,183],"then":[110,184],"extracted":[111,160],"analyzed":[113],"support":[115],"classification.":[118],"Next,":[119],"feature-based":[121],"recognition":[122,168],"approach":[123],"using":[124],"machine-learning":[125],"classifiers":[126],"developed":[128],"distinguish":[130],"classes\u2014fixation,":[135],"saccade,":[136],"intentional":[137,140,177,180],"fixation,":[138],"movement.":[141],"Among":[142],"evaluated":[144,198,217],"classifiers,":[145],"random":[146],"forest":[147],"(RF)":[148],"achieved":[149],"highest":[151],"overall":[152],"classification":[153],"performance":[154],"combined":[157],"form":[164],"module":[169],"proposed":[172,209],"HRI":[173],"system.":[174],"The":[175,194],"recognized":[176],"behaviors":[182],"mapped":[185],"selection":[188],"control,":[192],"respectively.":[193],"resulting":[195],"10":[200],"participants.":[201],"These":[202],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"feasibility":[206],"framework":[210],"under":[215],"conditions":[218],"highlight":[220],"its":[221],"potential":[222],"interaction.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}