{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225408167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","title":"Numerical Phase Errors in Broadband Simulations of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields over Lossy Ground","display_name":"Numerical Phase Errors in Broadband Simulations of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields over Lossy Ground","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225408167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101590630","display_name":"Ye Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3299-4446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3299-4446","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8243-1813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137516","display_name":"Beijing Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9vk87","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137516"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u5317\u4eac\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09, Zizhuyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100089, China [CN]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3299-4446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u5317\u4eac\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09, Zizhuyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, 100089, China [CN]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069476204","display_name":"Yuanyuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-8998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-8998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193524592","display_name":"Tianjin University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev1jb90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193524592"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u5929\u6d25\u8d22\u7ecf\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09, \u200cNo. 25 Zhujiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China [CN]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-8998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u5929\u6d25\u8d22\u7ecf\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u5e02\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09, \u200cNo. 25 Zhujiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China [CN]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193524592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020612912","display_name":"Xueqi Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Meteorological Service, No. 10, Santai Mountain Road,, BEIJING, Beijing, China [CN]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Meteorological Service, No. 10, Santai Mountain Road,, BEIJING, Beijing, China [CN]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161119404","display_name":"Lihua Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Lightning Protection Device Test Center, Daxing District, Jiugong East \uff0cChina Meteorological Exploration and Experimentation Base, Beijing, China [CN]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Lightning Protection Device Test Center, Daxing District, Jiugong East \uff0cChina Meteorological Exploration and Experimentation Base, Beijing, China [CN]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.5023999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.5023999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.48899999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning-electromagnetic-fields","display_name":"lightning electromagnetic fields","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-ground","display_name":"lossy ground","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain","display_name":"finite-difference time-domain simulation","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axisymmetric-modeling","display_name":"axisymmetric simulation","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-effects","display_name":"propagation effects","score":0.3310000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17685861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6960532","display_name":"Time derivative","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181330731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068418","display_name":"Finite difference","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44886760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758425","display_name":"Wave propagation","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14589660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64122","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177071327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610921","display_name":"Ground wave propagation","level":3,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205951836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147751","display_name":"Finite difference method","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180188523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574576","display_name":"Exponential decay","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33026886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593950","display_name":"Rotational symmetry","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26682833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13824","display_name":"Phase velocity","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017413879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185553","display_name":"Phase difference","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33257320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932744","display_name":"Second derivative","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.15011816/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392391866","https://openalex.org/W2025762093","https://openalex.org/W2082528937","https://openalex.org/W2884323217","https://openalex.org/W2219846698","https://openalex.org/W1869110232","https://openalex.org/W2012994910","https://openalex.org/W2011032889","https://openalex.org/W2148708135","https://openalex.org/W3108423165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"interpretation":[1,210],"of":[2,58,73,133],"broadband":[3],"lightning":[4],"fields":[5],"requires":[6],"numerical":[7,116,214],"phase":[8,81,206],"errors":[9],"to":[10,85,96,129,140,208],"be":[11],"distinguished":[12],"from":[13,83,173],"propagation":[14,218],"effects.":[15],"We":[16],"examine":[17],"this":[18],"problem":[19],"over":[20],"1\u2013450":[21],"kHz":[22],"using":[23],"an":[24],"axisymmetric":[25],"finite-difference":[26],"time-domain":[27],"model":[28,35],"with":[29,36,198],"a":[30,43,71,105,114,141,213],"modified":[31],"transmission-line":[32],"return-stroke":[33],"current":[34],"exponential":[37],"decay,":[38],"finite":[39,136],"radial":[40],"support,":[41],"and":[42,51,89,98,156,161,168,192,211],"rational":[44],"surface-admittance":[45],"boundary.":[46],"Matched":[47],"discrete,":[48],"continuous":[49,142],"local-admittance,":[50],"Sommerfeld":[52,175],"halfspace":[53],"references":[54],"test":[55],"different":[56],"aspects":[57],"the":[59,66,76,110,119,130,134,174],"response.":[60],"At":[61],"fixed":[62],"spatial":[63],"resolution,":[64],"reducing":[65],"high-band":[67],"time":[68],"step":[69],"by":[70,177],"factor":[72],"four":[74],"increases":[75],"maximum":[77],"uncorrected":[78],"surface":[79],"radial-field":[80],"difference":[82],"43.64\u00b0":[84],"62.26\u00b0.":[86],"Combined":[87],"source-endpoint":[88],"horizontal":[90],"Yee":[91,111],"corrections":[92],"reduce":[93],"these":[94],"values":[95],"3.03\u00b0":[97],"0.76\u00b0,":[99],"respectively.":[100],"The":[101],"source":[102],"correction":[103,112],"compensates":[104,113],"common":[106],"temporal":[107],"phase,":[108],"whereas":[109],"range-accumulated":[115],"phase;":[117],"only":[118],"latter":[120],"remains":[121],"in":[122,180],"within-band":[123],"relative":[124,181],"propagation.":[125],"Frequency":[126],"differences":[127],"converge":[128],"analytic":[131],"derivative":[132,148],"same":[135],"record,":[137],"but":[138],"proximity":[139],"reference":[143,176],"alone":[144],"does":[145],"not":[146],"establish":[147],"accuracy.":[149],"Continuous-reference":[150],"residuals":[151],"are":[152],"below":[153],"0.10":[154],"dB":[155],"0.87\u00b0":[157],"at":[158,164],"eligible":[159],"samples,":[160],"periodic":[162],"waveforms":[163],"50":[165],"km":[166],"range":[167],"125":[169],"m":[170],"height":[171],"differ":[172],"approximately":[178],"0.20%":[179],"L2":[182],"norm.":[183],"Direct":[184],"Heidler-current":[185],"calculations":[186],"further":[187],"show":[188],"that":[189],"similar":[190],"lossy-ground":[191],"perfectly":[193],"conducting-ground":[194],"peaks":[195],"can":[196],"coexist":[197],"appreciable":[199],"same-time":[200],"waveform":[201,209],"differences.":[202],"These":[203],"results":[204],"link":[205],"treatment":[207],"provide":[212],"baseline":[215],"for":[216],"lightning-field":[217],"above":[219],"homogeneous":[220],"ground.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
