{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225407676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","title":"k-NN Adaptive IPLF\u2013PMBM Underwater Multi-Target Tracking Algorithm","display_name":"k-NN Adaptive IPLF\u2013PMBM Underwater Multi-Target Tracking Algorithm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225407676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161053129","display_name":"Yunhua Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhua Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161015599","display_name":"Pingbo Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071134468","display_name":"Hongkai Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2480-586X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2480-586X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800710378","display_name":"Naval University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/056vyez31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongkai Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2480-586X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071134468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800710378"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"2102","last_page":"2102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poisson-multi-bernoulli-mixture-filter","display_name":"Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture filter","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbor-estimation","display_name":"k-nearest neighbor estimation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-sonar","display_name":"active sonar","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm-rate","display_name":"false alarm rate","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7461000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137184094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764300","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","level":3,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13107197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6394192","display_name":"Kernel adaptive filter","level":4,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158245278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386982","display_name":"Equidistant","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95851461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468809","display_name":"Reverberation","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50151734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759577","display_name":"Matched filter","level":3,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988072","display_name":"Adaptive algorithm","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22597639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449227","display_name":"Filter design","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1808206046","https://openalex.org/W2014787937","https://openalex.org/W2043240002","https://openalex.org/W2050913223","https://openalex.org/W2110012495","https://openalex.org/W2110354007","https://openalex.org/W2121990344","https://openalex.org/W2296664252","https://openalex.org/W2595600061","https://openalex.org/W2994999286","https://openalex.org/W4244635056","https://openalex.org/W4293093832","https://openalex.org/W4293252613","https://openalex.org/W4301827667","https://openalex.org/W4382602610","https://openalex.org/W4386251271","https://openalex.org/W4390605264","https://openalex.org/W4403332031","https://openalex.org/W4406119483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206731664","https://openalex.org/W4382602610","https://openalex.org/W2061925019","https://openalex.org/W4406729908","https://openalex.org/W2391890275","https://openalex.org/W4293093832","https://openalex.org/W2969214718","https://openalex.org/W2123531592","https://openalex.org/W4403760613","https://openalex.org/W4313897883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,182],"Poisson":[1],"multi-Bernoulli":[2],"mixture":[3],"(PMBM)":[4],"filter":[5,40,136],"performs":[6],"well":[7],"in":[8,57],"active":[9],"sonar":[10],"tracking,":[11],"but":[12],"its":[13],"standard":[14,135],"form":[15,91],"assumes":[16],"a":[17,48,87,102,114,121,138,197],"single,":[18],"globally":[19],"preset":[20,139,154,168],"clutter":[21,55,116,143,210],"intensity,":[22,56],"which":[23,58,130],"matches":[24,178],"poorly":[25],"the":[26,30,36,43,53,59,62,73,76,82,92,118,134,142,146,150,158,167,172,175,202,209],"range-dependent":[27],"reverberation":[28],"of":[29,52,65,104,128],"underwater":[31],"channel.":[32],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"applies":[35],"iterated":[37],"posterior":[38],"linearization":[39],"(IPLF)":[41],"within":[42],"PMBM":[44],"recursion":[45],"and":[46,72,174,196],"proposes":[47],"k-nearest-neighbor":[49],"(k-NN)":[50],"estimator":[51],"local":[54],"distance":[60,94],"to":[61,194],"k-th":[63],"neighbor":[64,190],"each":[66],"measurement":[67],"sets":[68],"an":[69],"adaptive":[70,176],"bandwidth":[71],"intensity":[74],"entering":[75],"newborn":[77],"existence":[78],"probability":[79],"comes":[80],"from":[81,86,192],"measurements":[83],"rather":[84],"than":[85,187],"preset.":[88],"In":[89,113],"batch":[90],"pairwise":[93],"matrix":[95],"is":[96,131,163,169],"formed":[97],"once":[98],"per":[99,107],"frame,":[100],"at":[101,137],"cost":[103],"0.14":[105],"ms":[106],"frame":[108],"for":[109],"about":[110],"ninety":[111],"measurements.":[112],"power-law":[115],"scenario,":[117],"method":[119,177],"reaches":[120],"generalized":[122],"optimal":[123],"sub-pattern":[124],"assignment":[125],"(GOSPA)":[126],"value":[127],"11.13,":[129],"22.9%":[132],"below":[133],"that":[140,157,201],"underestimates":[141],"level,":[144],"with":[145],"difference":[147],"carried":[148],"by":[149,185],"false-alarm":[151],"term.":[152],"A":[153],"sweep":[155],"shows":[156,200],"best":[159],"fixed":[160],"value,":[161],"11.23,":[162],"reached":[164],"only":[165],"when":[166,208],"tuned":[170],"after":[171],"fact,":[173],"it":[179],"without":[180],"tuning.":[181],"result":[183],"varies":[184],"less":[186],"0.07":[188],"over":[189],"counts":[191],"8":[193],"90,":[195],"uniform-clutter":[198],"control":[199],"adaptation":[203],"neither":[204],"helps":[205],"nor":[206],"harms":[207],"has":[211],"no":[212],"spatial":[213],"structure.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}