{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225406550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","title":"Valorization of Cashew Industry Waste into Anacardate-Based Green Foaming Agents for Foam Concrete Applications","display_name":"Valorization of Cashew Industry Waste into Anacardate-Based Green Foaming Agents for Foam Concrete Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225406550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111427844","display_name":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0899-1561","issn":["0899-1561","1943-5533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002468177","display_name":"Shubham Raj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-8538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-8538"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106426","display_name":"Central Road Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01pdb1x94","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210106426","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66760702","display_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/021wm7p51","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Road Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-8538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Road Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106426","https://openalex.org/I66760702"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062793008","display_name":"Indrapal Singh Aidhen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-7404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-7404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indrapal Singh Aidhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010517173","display_name":"Keshavamurthy Ramamurthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-6230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-6230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Ramamurthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-6230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10721","display_name":"Surfactants and Colloidal Systems","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10687","display_name":"Innovative concrete reinforcement materials","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foam-concrete","display_name":"foam concrete","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anionic-surfactants","display_name":"anionic surfactants","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anacardic-acid","display_name":"anacardic acid","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foam-stabilization","display_name":"foam stabilization","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xanthan-gum","display_name":"xanthan gum","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guar-gum","display_name":"guar gum","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-carboxymethyl-cellulose","display_name":"sodium carboxymethyl cellulose","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinary-portland-cement","display_name":"ordinary Portland cement","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-valorization","display_name":"waste valorization","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foam-stability","display_name":"foam stability","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-uptake","display_name":"water absorption","score":0.9940000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759922","display_name":"Foaming agent","level":3,"score":0.8603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776081644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411030","display_name":"Carboxymethyl cellulose","level":3,"score":0.6697999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.632099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26462","display_name":"Geopolymer","level":3,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776725572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422071","display_name":"Guar gum","level":2,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780100132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410768","display_name":"Xanthan gum","level":3,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100806243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2343294","display_name":"Blowing agent","level":3,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168314062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2550696","display_name":"Absorption of water","level":2,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294","display_name":"Cellulose","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416312","display_name":"Methyl cellulose","level":3,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778648169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967768","display_name":"Compatibility (geochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776551768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264770","display_name":"Guar","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94293008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23925154","display_name":"Slurry","level":2,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200990466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271707","display_name":"Rheology","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776850836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911138","display_name":"Thickening agent","level":3,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188963109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631266","display_name":"Superabsorbent polymer","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-23705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111427844","display_name":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering","issn_l":"0899-1561","issn":["0899-1561","1943-5533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993719368","https://openalex.org/W2009226715","https://openalex.org/W2030135731","https://openalex.org/W2036678011","https://openalex.org/W2041255598","https://openalex.org/W2059872757","https://openalex.org/W2083753650","https://openalex.org/W2089136006","https://openalex.org/W2099924177","https://openalex.org/W2115261369","https://openalex.org/W2150050752","https://openalex.org/W2175847239","https://openalex.org/W2179483371","https://openalex.org/W2396331287","https://openalex.org/W2419066388","https://openalex.org/W2602720190","https://openalex.org/W2791832214","https://openalex.org/W2793294925","https://openalex.org/W2795526561","https://openalex.org/W2977345008","https://openalex.org/W2981732794","https://openalex.org/W2989382392","https://openalex.org/W2996549516","https://openalex.org/W3005118830","https://openalex.org/W3006439938","https://openalex.org/W3010022989","https://openalex.org/W3015323127","https://openalex.org/W3024205756","https://openalex.org/W3048318565","https://openalex.org/W3080101502","https://openalex.org/W3088118330","https://openalex.org/W3112311507","https://openalex.org/W3122859801","https://openalex.org/W3136118247","https://openalex.org/W3210824049","https://openalex.org/W3212303998","https://openalex.org/W4200355577","https://openalex.org/W4200609247","https://openalex.org/W4220955290","https://openalex.org/W4283078610","https://openalex.org/W4306725835","https://openalex.org/W4309814681","https://openalex.org/W4322502434","https://openalex.org/W4323819405","https://openalex.org/W4327594343","https://openalex.org/W4366688948","https://openalex.org/W4385324333","https://openalex.org/W4385696890","https://openalex.org/W4387623325","https://openalex.org/W4388116323","https://openalex.org/W4389198024","https://openalex.org/W4389379393","https://openalex.org/W4392024479","https://openalex.org/W4396888570","https://openalex.org/W4399294018","https://openalex.org/W4399709597","https://openalex.org/W4399982905","https://openalex.org/W4401536934","https://openalex.org/W4404323824","https://openalex.org/W4405634261","https://openalex.org/W4408165426","https://openalex.org/W4411263575","https://openalex.org/W4411589423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2602720190","https://openalex.org/W4390619460","https://openalex.org/W2384109300","https://openalex.org/W2070853394","https://openalex.org/W4389521207","https://openalex.org/W4289945329","https://openalex.org/W4400664211","https://openalex.org/W7225294767","https://openalex.org/W2973588391","https://openalex.org/W4234896087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Traditional":[1],"foaming":[2,30,73,157,176,205],"agents":[3,31,177],"and":[4,11,47,53,57,94,107,123,143,159,165,181,195,225],"foam":[5,119,132,160,219,251],"concrete":[6,220],"rely":[7],"on":[8],"synthetic":[9,44,248],"chemicals":[10],"ordinary":[12],"portland":[13],"cement":[14],"(OPC)":[15],"with":[16,43,120,178],"a":[17,236,243],"high":[18],"carbon":[19],"footprint.":[20],"This":[21,88],"paper":[22],"presents":[23],"the":[24,39,92,171,203,214],"formulation":[25],"of":[26,66,156,170,188,213],"novel":[27],"anacardate-based":[28,204,240],"green":[29],"derived":[32],"from":[33],"cashew":[34],"industry":[35],"waste":[36],"to":[37,60,247],"address":[38],"environmental":[40],"concerns":[41],"associated":[42],"surfactants.":[45,63],"Unsaturated":[46],"saturated":[48,77,112],"anacardic":[49,68,101,113],"acids":[50],"were":[51,148],"extracted":[52],"modified":[54],"using":[55],"sodium":[56,144],"potassium-based":[58],"alkalis":[59],"synthesize":[61],"anionic":[62],"The":[64,168],"salts":[65],"unsaturated":[67,100],"acid-ene":[69],"mixture":[70],"demonstrated":[71],"superior":[72],"capabilities":[74],"over":[75],"their":[76],"counterparts,":[78],"which":[79],"exhibited":[80,221],"unfavorable":[81],"gelling":[82],"behavior":[83],"in":[84,131,186,250],"an":[85,97],"aqueous":[86],"solution.":[87],"is":[89,103],"beneficial":[90],"considering":[91],"economy":[93],"sustainability;":[95],"as":[96],"intermediate,":[98],"extracting":[99,111],"acid":[102],"straightforward,":[104],"less":[105],"energy-intensive,":[106],"more":[108],"cost-efficient":[109],"than":[110,229],"acid.":[114],"Disodium":[115],"anacardate":[116,174],"(unsaturated)":[117,175],"yielded":[118],"favorable":[121],"density":[122],"stability":[124],"but":[125],"required":[126],"further":[127],"stabilization":[128],"for":[129],"use":[130],"concrete.":[133,252],"Thus,":[134,239],"three":[135],"polymer":[136],"admixtures,":[137],"namely,":[138],"xanthan":[139],"gum,":[140,142],"guar":[141,166],"carboxymethyl":[145],"cellulose":[146],"(Na-CMC),":[147],"investigated.":[149],"Xanthan":[150],"gum":[151],"showed":[152],"maximum":[153],"viscosity":[154],"enhancement":[155],"solution":[158],"stabilization,":[161],"followed":[162],"by":[163],"Na-CMC":[164],"gum.":[167],"compatibility":[169],"stabilized":[172],"disodium":[173],"both":[179],"OPC":[180],"geopolymer":[182,218],"binders":[183],"was":[184],"evaluated":[185],"terms":[187],"reaction":[189],"kinetics,":[190],"fresh-state":[191],"stability,":[192],"compressive":[193,223],"strength,":[194],"water":[196,227],"absorption.":[197],"Isothermal":[198],"calorimetry":[199],"results":[200],"confirmed":[201],"that":[202],"agent":[206],"did":[207],"not":[208],"retard":[209],"binder":[210],"reactions,":[211],"irrespective":[212],"admixture":[215],"used.":[216],"Further,":[217],"higher":[222],"strength":[224],"lower":[226],"absorption":[228],"OPC-based":[230],"mixes":[231],"at":[232],"comparable":[233],"densities,":[234],"indicating":[235],"better":[237],"synergy.":[238],"foams":[241],"offer":[242],"viable,":[244],"sustainable":[245],"alternative":[246],"surfactants":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}