{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225405488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","title":"Sign-guided neurosymbolic AI approach for coffee leaf macronutrients (NPK) deficiency detection and remedy recommendation","display_name":"Sign-guided neurosymbolic AI approach for coffee leaf macronutrients (NPK) deficiency detection and remedy recommendation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225405488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169926010562/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169926010562/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057490206","display_name":"Antonino Ferraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-0325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-0325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonino Ferraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-0325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024514136","display_name":"Martina Iammarino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-733X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-733X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Iammarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-733X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007440181","display_name":"Semanto Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2306-4478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2306-4478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Semanto Mondal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy","Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2306-4478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021041082","display_name":"Fabiano Pecorelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-4291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-4291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabiano Pecorelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-4291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology, Pegaso University, Piazza Triste e Trento 48, Naples, 80132, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025157025","display_name":"Giuseppe De Pietro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-5957","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-5957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125310","display_name":"Pegaso University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxwg632","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe De Pietro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science and Technology , Pegaso University , Piazza Triste e Trento 48 , Naples , 80132 , Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-5957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science and Technology , Pegaso University , Piazza Triste e Trento 48 , Naples , 80132 , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007440181"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125310","https://openalex.org/I71267560"],"apc_list":{"value":3870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3870},"apc_paid":{"value":3870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3870},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"257","issue":null,"first_page":"112458","last_page":"112458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuro-symbolic-ai","display_name":"neuro-symbolic AI","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilizer-recommendation","display_name":"fertilizer recommendation","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grad-cam","display_name":"Grad-CAM","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.23409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2321999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.23109999299049377}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169926010562/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.112458","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169926010562/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116775814","display_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","issn_l":"0168-1699","issn":["0168-1699","1872-7107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225405488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225405488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2966284335","https://openalex.org/W2982381523","https://openalex.org/W3015562698","https://openalex.org/W3091963033","https://openalex.org/W3113149630","https://openalex.org/W4220948234","https://openalex.org/W4386142022","https://openalex.org/W4386861120","https://openalex.org/W4394994486","https://openalex.org/W4401355999","https://openalex.org/W4404850967","https://openalex.org/W4405367266","https://openalex.org/W4405871447","https://openalex.org/W4406289963","https://openalex.org/W4409173034","https://openalex.org/W4409629925","https://openalex.org/W4415213763","https://openalex.org/W4415930686","https://openalex.org/W7153458678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2562799671","https://openalex.org/W7128007140","https://openalex.org/W4401352812","https://openalex.org/W7223676972","https://openalex.org/W7134928012","https://openalex.org/W7204138702","https://openalex.org/W4405436223","https://openalex.org/W3208897657","https://openalex.org/W7092364720","https://openalex.org/W2769287751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Macronutrient":[0],"deficiencies,":[1],"including":[2],"nitrogen":[3],"(N),":[4],"phosphorus":[5],"(P),":[6],"and":[7,17,36,46,51,132,140,159,181,200,208,244],"potassium":[8],"(K),":[9],"are":[10,93,106],"a":[11,58,81,101,110,150,172],"major":[12],"cause":[13],"of":[14,192,195,198,202],"yield":[15],"loss":[16],"reduced":[18],"crop":[19],"quality":[20],"in":[21,32,85],"precision":[22],"agriculture.":[23],"Although":[24],"deep":[25,74],"learning":[26,83],"models":[27],"have":[28],"demonstrated":[29],"strong":[30,187],"performance":[31],"visual":[33,75,90,222],"plant":[34],"disease":[35],"nutrient":[37,65,235],"deficiency":[38,66,236],"recognition,":[39],"their":[40],"black-box":[41],"nature":[42],"limits":[43],"interpretability,":[44],"trust,":[45],"practical":[47],"adoption":[48],"by":[49,109],"agronomists":[50],"farmers.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"work,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"sign-guided":[59,82],"neurosymbolic":[60],"framework":[61,145,168,227],"for":[62,233],"coffee":[63,97,174,234],"leaf":[64,98,175],"diagnosis":[67],"that":[68,115,212],"explicitly":[69],"integrates":[70],"agronomic":[71,165],"knowledge":[72],"with":[73,149],"perception.":[76],"The":[77,144,167,225],"proposed":[78,214,226],"approach":[79,215,232],"introduces":[80],"paradigm":[84],"which":[86],"eight":[87],"agronomically":[88],"meaningful":[89],"symptom":[91],"indicators":[92,105],"first":[94],"predicted":[95],"from":[96,178],"images":[99],"using":[100,206],"ResNet-50":[102],"backbone.":[103],"These":[104],"then":[107],"processed":[108],"differentiable":[111],"fuzzy":[112],"rule":[113],"engine":[114],"encodes":[116],"expert-defined":[117],"nutrient\u2013symptom":[118],"relationships":[119],"to":[120,155],"infer":[121],"deficiencies.":[122],"Unlike":[123],"conventional":[124,221],"CNNs,":[125],"the":[126,179,213],"model":[127],"provides":[128,216],"both":[129],"class":[130],"predictions":[131],"interpretable":[133,230],"intermediate":[134],"reasoning":[135],"through":[136],"sign":[137],"activation":[138],"scores":[139],"rule-based":[141],"decision":[142],"traces.":[143],"is":[146,169],"further":[147,239],"extended":[148],"retrieval-augmented":[151],"generation":[152],"(RAG)":[153],"module":[154],"provide":[156],"knowledge-grounded":[157],"explanations":[158,219],"remedy":[160],"suggestions":[161],"based":[162],"on":[163,171],"curated":[164],"information.":[166],"evaluated":[170],"combined":[173],"dataset":[176],"constructed":[177],"CoLeaf":[180],"BRACOL":[182],"benchmarks.":[183],"Experimental":[184],"results":[185],"demonstrate":[186],"performance,":[188],"achieving":[189],"an":[190,229],"accuracy":[191],"0.88,":[193],"F1-score":[194],"0.87,":[196],"AUC-ROC":[197],"0.93,":[199],"PR-AUC":[201],"0.91.":[203],"Qualitative":[204],"analysis":[205],"Grad-CAM":[207],"sign-activation":[209],"visualizations":[210],"demonstrates":[211],"semantically":[217],"aligned":[218],"beyond":[220],"attribution":[223],"methods.":[224],"establishes":[228],"decision-support":[231],"analysis,":[237],"while":[238],"validation":[240],"across":[241],"diverse":[242],"crops":[243],"field":[245],"conditions":[246],"remains":[247],"necessary.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
