{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225404872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","title":"From rule application to understanding the parties: scenario-based learning and self-reported general empathy among law students","display_name":"From rule application to understanding the parties: scenario-based learning and self-reported general empathy among law students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225404872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033327688","display_name":"\u987e\u6e58","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281233","display_name":"College of Science & Technology Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/042qtv538","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281233"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for County Industry Digitization, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University","Zhejiang Think Tanks of Digital Reformation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for County Industry Digitization, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I4405281233"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Think Tanks of Digital Reformation","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161078043","display_name":"Wenqing Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenqing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Shantou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Shantou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161078043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.8579000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.8579000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12978","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methodologies in Social Sciences","score":0.07240000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11999","display_name":"Empathy and Medical Education","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scenario-based-learning","display_name":"scenario-based learning","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"empathy","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-students","display_name":"law students","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-education","display_name":"legal education","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-empathy","display_name":"cognitive empathy","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-empathy","display_name":"affective empathy","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-application","display_name":"rule application","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-engagement","display_name":"cognitive engagement","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-beliefs","display_name":"learning beliefs","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-empathy-scale","display_name":"Basic Empathy Scale","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"mediation","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderated-mediation","display_name":"moderated mediation","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-ability","display_name":"academic ability","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8707000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.7383999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.5857999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5465999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66102695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141208","display_name":"Cognitive flexibility","level":3,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143515210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479662","display_name":"Legal psychology","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189645446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q350865","display_name":"Mirroring","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909801347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141214","display_name":"Cognitive Intervention","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778679518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025969","display_name":"Dialogic","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a244004c3f4640a18a9e7c33152b4c46","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a244004c3f4640a18a9e7c33152b4c46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986253/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225404872.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225404872.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987058895","https://openalex.org/W1989342773","https://openalex.org/W2047926687","https://openalex.org/W2060779981","https://openalex.org/W2094192576","https://openalex.org/W2153480757","https://openalex.org/W2163150496","https://openalex.org/W2164599981","https://openalex.org/W2196831710","https://openalex.org/W2295235987","https://openalex.org/W2793849154","https://openalex.org/W2887619359","https://openalex.org/W2887930717","https://openalex.org/W3169880294","https://openalex.org/W3212837488","https://openalex.org/W4223928495","https://openalex.org/W4285793834","https://openalex.org/W4403507809","https://openalex.org/W4408569063","https://openalex.org/W4408569724","https://openalex.org/W4412805260","https://openalex.org/W4413034996","https://openalex.org/W4416736826","https://openalex.org/W7128497506","https://openalex.org/W7147226768","https://openalex.org/W7155366934","https://openalex.org/W7164549450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3212837488","https://openalex.org/W970765514","https://openalex.org/W2989926123","https://openalex.org/W4406022950","https://openalex.org/W7096825594","https://openalex.org/W6908582383","https://openalex.org/W3214672051","https://openalex.org/W2129303969","https://openalex.org/W1043377345","https://openalex.org/W7125572190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"explores":[3],"the":[4,74,110,116,174,214],"association":[5],"between":[6,131],"scenario-based":[7,61,96,132,246],"learning":[8,62,133,156,192],"and":[9,13,53,87,128,135,148,171,204,224,236,264],"self-reported":[10,21,104,197],"general":[11,105,136],"(cognitive":[12],"emotional)":[14],"empathy":[15,106],"among":[16],"law":[17,43,251],"students,":[18],"describing":[19],"participants'":[20],"tendency":[22],"shifting":[23],"from":[24],"rule-application-oriented":[25],"analysis":[26,83],"toward":[27],"considering":[28],"parties'":[29,256],"real-life":[30],"circumstances.":[31],"Convenience":[32],"sampling":[33,37],"combined":[34],"with":[35,47,101,195,213],"stratified":[36],"was":[38,71,99],"used":[39],"to":[40,51,56,253,255],"select":[41],"undergraduate":[42],"students":[44,152,252],"as":[45],"subjects":[46],"individual-level":[48],"random":[49],"assignment":[50],"intervention":[52,111,134],"control":[54,117],"groups":[55],"carry":[57],"out":[58],"classroom":[59,247],"multi-component":[60,95,245],"interventions.":[63],"Final":[64],"analytic":[65],"sample":[66],"N":[67],"=":[68,179],"196.":[69],"Outcome":[70],"measured":[72,239],"by":[73,200],"Chinese":[75],"revised":[76],"Basic":[77],"Empathy":[78],"Scale":[79],"(BES-C).":[80],"Analysis":[81],"employed":[82],"of":[84,216,266],"covariance":[85],"(ANCOVA)":[86],"SPSS":[88],"PROCESS":[89],"macro":[90],"for":[91,125,145,188,261],"moderated-mediation.":[92],"Result":[93],"The":[94,219],"instructional":[97],"package":[98],"associated":[100],"higher":[102,114,196],"post-test":[103],"in":[107],"legal-case":[108],"contexts;":[109],"group":[112],"scored":[113],"than":[115],"group.":[118],"Parallel":[119],"associational":[120,142],"mediation":[121,143],"patterns":[122,221],"were":[123,166,238],"observed":[124,220],"cognitive":[126,146,202,231,262],"engagement":[127,147,203],"situational":[129,149,205],"attention":[130,150,206],"empathy.":[137],"Legal-learning":[138],"beliefs":[139,157,210],"moderated":[140],"specific":[141],"pathways":[144],"respectively:":[151],"holding":[153],"stronger":[154],"reality-oriented":[155],"showed":[158],"larger":[159],"correlational":[160],"gains.":[161],"Descriptively":[162],"varying":[163],"effect-size":[164],"magnitudes":[165],"seen":[167],"across":[168],"high-,":[169],"medium-,":[170],"low-academic-ability":[172],"subgroups;":[173],"interaction":[175],"term":[176],"reached":[177],"p":[178],"0.053,":[180],"which":[181],"does":[182],"not":[183],"constitute":[184],"conventional":[185],"statistical":[186],"evidence":[187],"subgroup":[189],"difference.":[190],"Scenario-based":[191],"is":[193],"correlated":[194,212],"empathy,":[198],"accompanied":[199],"elevated":[201],"allocation;":[207],"individual":[208],"legal-learning":[209],"are":[211,222],"magnitude":[215],"these":[217],"associations.":[218],"exploratory":[223],"cannot":[225],"establish":[226],"causal":[227,259],"psychological":[228],"mechanisms":[229],"or":[230],"schema":[232],"reconstruction":[233],"because":[234],"mediators":[235],"outcome":[237],"concurrently":[240],"at":[241],"post-test.":[242],"Introducing":[243],"structured":[244],"tasks":[248],"may":[249],"encourage":[250],"attend":[254],"real-world":[257],"context;":[258],"inference":[260],"transformation":[263],"preservation":[265],"legal":[267],"rationality":[268],"awaits":[269],"further":[270],"direct":[271],"measurement.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}