{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225404428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","title":"Original Formation Resistivity Reconstruction and Water-Flooded Zone Identification Using a CNN-BiLSTM-Attention Network","display_name":"Original Formation Resistivity Reconstruction and Water-Flooded Zone Identification Using a CNN-BiLSTM-Attention Network","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225404428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044556822","display_name":"Huiyuan Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-7648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-7648"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiyuan Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geology & Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geology & Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406637","display_name":"Kun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1200-0288","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1200-0288"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geology & Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geology & Environment, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161105787","display_name":"Zhibin Lv","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068863035","display_name":"Qing Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-3010","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-3010"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122909077","display_name":"Jiantuan Jia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiantuan Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qaidam Comprehensive Geological and Mineral Exploration Institute of Qinghai Province, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource Exploration and Research in Qaidam Basin, Golmud 816099, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161096387","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161105787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"3591","last_page":"3591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.2655999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cnn-bilstm-attention","display_name":"CNN-BiLSTM-Attention","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-log-data","display_name":"well logs","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-water-cut-oilfields","display_name":"high water-cut oilfields","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-reservoirs","display_name":"heterogeneous reservoirs","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qaidam-basin","display_name":"Qaidam Basin","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125620115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249","display_name":"Logging","level":2,"score":0.529699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35817400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2383566","display_name":"Well logging","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14641988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315329","display_name":"Reservoir modeling","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776364302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845437","display_name":"Oil field","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60591178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488986","display_name":"Electrical resistivity tomography","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161028810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138304","display_name":"Regional geology","level":4,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993562611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271294","display_name":"Sichuan basin","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119247159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366192","display_name":"System identification","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944841960","https://openalex.org/W3060850527","https://openalex.org/W3101198817","https://openalex.org/W3112176480","https://openalex.org/W3146366485","https://openalex.org/W3185889262","https://openalex.org/W4207061947","https://openalex.org/W4220954082","https://openalex.org/W4295196941","https://openalex.org/W4386245417","https://openalex.org/W4389719405","https://openalex.org/W4398633168","https://openalex.org/W4401072340","https://openalex.org/W4402205447","https://openalex.org/W4403982883","https://openalex.org/W4404144269","https://openalex.org/W4404443053","https://openalex.org/W4407415687","https://openalex.org/W4411642738","https://openalex.org/W4412412218","https://openalex.org/W4413757267","https://openalex.org/W4415008594","https://openalex.org/W4415220721","https://openalex.org/W4416390071","https://openalex.org/W4416719689","https://openalex.org/W7115900870","https://openalex.org/W7124303958","https://openalex.org/W7147479680","https://openalex.org/W7167605392","https://openalex.org/W7202371663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407415687","https://openalex.org/W7164848278","https://openalex.org/W7124303958","https://openalex.org/W4405305425","https://openalex.org/W7167605392","https://openalex.org/W4416719689","https://openalex.org/W7162444101","https://openalex.org/W2352154951","https://openalex.org/W7115900870","https://openalex.org/W4293056044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"identification":[1,45,192],"and":[2,16,37,46,54,82,91,102,120,129,155,197,204],"assessment":[3],"of":[4,19,34,56,189,207],"water-flooded":[5,43,190],"intervals":[6],"are":[7],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,42,69,126,201],"enhancing":[10],"oil":[11],"recovery":[12],"during":[13],"the":[14,30,51,79,88,92,110,117,140,145,187],"middle":[15],"late":[17],"stages":[18],"field":[20],"development.":[21],"Original":[22],"formation":[23,72],"resistivity":[24,149,179],"is":[25],"an":[26],"important":[27],"parameter":[28],"characterizing":[29],"initial":[31],"electrical":[32],"properties":[33],"a":[35,39,66,148],"reservoir":[36],"provides":[38],"critical":[40],"basis":[41],"zone":[44,191],"remaining-oil":[47,202],"evaluation.":[48],"To":[49],"overcome":[50],"limited":[52],"accuracy":[53],"robustness":[55],"conventional":[57,121,158,182],"inversion":[58],"approaches":[59],"in":[60,78,109,193],"complex":[61,194],"reservoirs,":[62],"this":[63],"study":[64,118],"develops":[65],"CNN-BiLSTM-Attention":[67],"framework":[68,134],"reconstructing":[70],"original":[71],"resistivity.":[73],"CNN":[74],"captures":[75],"local":[76],"variations":[77],"logging":[80,122,159,183],"responses":[81],"BiLSTM":[83],"models\u2019":[84],"bidirectional":[85],"dependencies":[86],"along":[87],"depth":[89],"sequence,":[90],"attention":[93],"module":[94],"highlights":[95],"informative":[96],"representations,":[97],"thereby":[98],"strengthening":[99],"nonlinear":[100],"characterization":[101],"model":[103,127],"robustness.":[104],"The":[105,132,166],"Yuejin":[106],"II":[107],"Oilfield":[108],"western":[111],"Qaidam":[112],"Basin":[113],"was":[114,153],"selected":[115],"as":[116],"area,":[119],"data":[123],"were":[124],"used":[125],"development":[128,206],"independent":[130],"assessment.":[131],"proposed":[133],"achieved":[135],"better":[136],"reconstruction":[137,180],"performance":[138],"than":[139],"comparison":[141],"models.":[142],"Based":[143],"on":[144],"reconstructed":[146],"resistivity,":[147],"attenuation":[150],"ratio":[151],"M":[152],"introduced":[154],"integrated":[156,167],"with":[157,181],"parameters":[160,184],"to":[161],"distinguish":[162],"different":[163],"water-flooding":[164],"levels.":[165],"M+GR+AC":[168],"classification":[169],"scheme":[170],"reached":[171],"93.6%.":[172],"These":[173],"results":[174],"demonstrate":[175],"that":[176],"combining":[177],"deep-learning-based":[178],"can":[185],"improve":[186],"reliability":[188],"heterogeneous":[195],"reservoirs":[196],"provide":[198],"technical":[199],"support":[200],"evaluation":[203],"refined":[205],"high":[208],"water-cut":[209],"oilfields.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}