{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225400592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","title":"Torrefied Agri-Food Residues as a Coal Substitute: How the Supply Chain and the Allocation Rule Determine the Carbon Footprint","display_name":"Torrefied Agri-Food Residues as a Coal Substitute: How the Supply Chain and the Allocation Rule Determine the Carbon Footprint","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225400592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045175641","display_name":"Luk\u00e1\u0161 Jen\u00ed\u010dek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-2537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3838-2537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205984670","display_name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/0415vcw02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luk\u00e1\u0161 Jen\u00ed\u010dek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090735399","display_name":"Jan Mala\u0165\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205984670","display_name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/0415vcw02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Mala\u0165\u00e1k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045175641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205984670"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"4725","last_page":"4725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12118","display_name":"Forest Biomass Utilization and Management","score":0.27000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12118","display_name":"Forest Biomass Utilization and Management","score":0.27000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.14890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torrefaction","display_name":"torrefaction","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agri-food-residues","display_name":"agri-food residues","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-coffee-grounds","display_name":"spent coffee grounds","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-tea-leaves","display_name":"spent tea leaves","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nut-shells","display_name":"nut shells","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lignocellulosic-waste","display_name":"lignocellulosic waste","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"carbon footprint","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-allocation","display_name":"mass allocation","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-expansion","display_name":"system expansion","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-emissions","display_name":"supply chain emissions","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-properties","display_name":"fuel properties","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-price","display_name":"carbon price","score":0.3479999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162857116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908322","display_name":"Torrefaction","level":3,"score":0.6055999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.5774999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156383657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902126","display_name":"Heat of combustion","level":3,"score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5187955","display_name":"Crop residue","level":3,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4311470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159719","display_name":"Power station","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39699697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869095","display_name":"Brewing","level":3,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156380964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556","display_name":"Bioenergy","level":3,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781338088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903495","display_name":"Residue (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76196390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137505","display_name":"Co-processing","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779587293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7622360","display_name":"Straw","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776752069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1609891","display_name":"Wood processing","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134643618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q799856","display_name":"Bagasse","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19214725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19214725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.42719998955726624,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323697","display_name":"\u010cesk\u00e1 Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 Univerzita v Praze","ror":"https://ror.org/0415vcw02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W261993690","https://openalex.org/W1974073793","https://openalex.org/W1984566154","https://openalex.org/W2028779735","https://openalex.org/W2041828474","https://openalex.org/W2044680700","https://openalex.org/W2048210530","https://openalex.org/W2063434097","https://openalex.org/W2076257981","https://openalex.org/W2090989378","https://openalex.org/W2092451395","https://openalex.org/W2094703593","https://openalex.org/W2128086007","https://openalex.org/W2137506248","https://openalex.org/W2165851992","https://openalex.org/W2340972631","https://openalex.org/W2523235357","https://openalex.org/W2772739946","https://openalex.org/W2804065153","https://openalex.org/W2888320820","https://openalex.org/W2943115156","https://openalex.org/W2974711740","https://openalex.org/W2989574586","https://openalex.org/W3024020974","https://openalex.org/W3038273999","https://openalex.org/W3043164905","https://openalex.org/W3044068172","https://openalex.org/W3137085628","https://openalex.org/W3137888195","https://openalex.org/W3145044946","https://openalex.org/W3153825553","https://openalex.org/W3205630794","https://openalex.org/W4225897257","https://openalex.org/W4280601452","https://openalex.org/W4282052039","https://openalex.org/W4291329215","https://openalex.org/W4297474438","https://openalex.org/W4303833011","https://openalex.org/W4309199397","https://openalex.org/W4309386435","https://openalex.org/W4311730109","https://openalex.org/W4323043909","https://openalex.org/W4367181712","https://openalex.org/W4381619514","https://openalex.org/W4385687324","https://openalex.org/W4389393585","https://openalex.org/W4389547217","https://openalex.org/W4401490128","https://openalex.org/W4405009990","https://openalex.org/W4405092940","https://openalex.org/W4406736979","https://openalex.org/W4407026502","https://openalex.org/W4408920337","https://openalex.org/W4410071158","https://openalex.org/W7128506364","https://openalex.org/W7134074887","https://openalex.org/W7162016514"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168247145","https://openalex.org/W4411370301","https://openalex.org/W4205137451","https://openalex.org/W2043205499","https://openalex.org/W6989746502","https://openalex.org/W2306474282","https://openalex.org/W1550705008","https://openalex.org/W4288828675","https://openalex.org/W3216784173","https://openalex.org/W2797785776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agri-food":[0],"processing":[1],"leaves":[2,42],"large":[3],"volumes":[4],"of":[5,33,65,92,97,101,157,160,184,192,211,246],"lignocellulosic":[6],"residues":[7,215],"for":[8,72,87,147,153],"which":[9],"their":[10,80,137],"energy":[11],"is":[12,167,205],"rarely":[13],"recovered,":[14],"while":[15],"coal-fired":[16],"heat":[17],"and":[18,44,47,61,79,116,126,200,219,223],"power":[19],"in":[20,63],"Europe":[21],"carries":[22],"a":[23,54,105,241],"rising":[24],"carbon":[25,31],"price.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"quantifies":[29],"the":[30,93,98,110,113,118,158,161,170,176,180,185,212,232],"footprint":[32],"five":[34,77,213],"food-processing":[35],"residues\u2014spent":[36],"coffee":[37],"grounds":[38],"(SCGs),":[39],"spent":[40],"tea":[41],"(TEAs)":[43],"walnut,":[45],"pistachio":[46],"peanut":[48],"shells\u2014with":[49],"spruce":[50],"wood":[51],"chips":[52],"as":[53],"non-food":[55],"benchmark,":[56],"torrefied":[57],"at":[58,76,136],"250\u2013550":[59],"\u00b0C":[60],"burned":[62],"place":[64],"Czech":[66],"lignite.":[67],"Fuel":[68],"properties":[69],"were":[70,85,129],"measured":[71],"all":[73],"six":[74,132],"materials":[75,133],"temperatures":[78],"replicate":[81],"variances":[82],"propagated.":[83],"Emissions":[84],"quantified":[86],"nine":[88],"process":[89],"stages\u2014from":[90],"cultivation":[91],"crop":[94],"to":[95,149],"combustion":[96],"fuel\u2014per":[99],"tonne":[100],"dry":[102],"residue":[103,111],"under":[104],"fuel-first":[106],"allocation":[107,128],"that":[108],"charges":[109],"with":[112],"agricultural":[114],"chain":[115,172],"credits":[117],"food":[119,214],"co-product":[120],"by":[121,169,175],"system":[122],"expansion;":[123],"cut-off,":[124],"mass":[125,208],"economic":[127],"compared.":[130],"All":[131],"save":[134],"emissions":[135,159,234],"selected":[138],"temperature,":[139],"from":[140,197],"\u2212557":[141],"\u00b1":[142,151],"22":[143],"kg":[144],"CO2-eq":[145],"t\u22121":[146,239],"SCG":[148,178,222],"\u22121214":[150],"23":[152],"spruce,":[154],"avoiding":[155],"36\u201377%":[156],"lignite":[162,245],"they":[163],"replace.":[164],"The":[165,203],"ranking":[166],"set":[168,186],"supply":[171],"rather":[173],"than":[174],"fuel:":[177],"has":[179],"highest":[181],"calorific":[182],"value":[183],"yet":[187],"saves":[188],"least,":[189],"because":[190],"89%":[191],"its":[193],"residual":[194],"burden":[195],"comes":[196],"roasting,":[198],"brewing":[199],"intercontinental":[201],"freight.":[202],"result":[204],"conditional:":[206],"Under":[207],"allocation,":[209],"four":[210],"become":[216],"net":[217],"emitters,":[218],"so":[220],"do":[221],"TEA":[224],"when":[225],"collected":[226],"wet.":[227],"At":[228],"65":[229],"EUR":[230,238,248],"tCO2\u22121,":[231],"avoided":[233],"are":[235],"worth":[236],"36\u201379":[237],"against":[240],"fuel-cost":[242],"advantage":[243],"over":[244],"116\u2013200":[247],"t\u22121.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-07T00:00:00"}
